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\author{Ajita (Ajita)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (physiology-of-heart.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Ajita (Ajita))
  /Subject (Physiology of Heart Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Physiology of Heart Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Ajita (Ajita)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/185822/cs/38861/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Ajita (Ajita) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ajita} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd May, 2023.\\
   Updated 22nd May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of mammalian heart}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\} {\bf{{\emph{Pericardium}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{It is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. It confines the heart to its position while allowing sufficient freedom for rapid contractions.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Pericardium has two layers:} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{1. Fibrous pericardium:}} superficial, composed of tough, inelastic, dense, irregular connective tissue. It rests on and attaches to the diaphragm and prevents stretching of heart while providing protection and anchorage.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{2. Serous Pericardium:}} deeper, thinner and more delicate. Forms a double layer around the heart:} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\textasciitilde{} Outer Parietal Layer: Fused to fibrous pericardium.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\textasciitilde{} Inner Visceral Layer: Adhered ti the surface of the heart.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} Between parietal and visceral layers, pericardial cavity filled with pericardial fluid is present.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\} {\bf{{\emph{Layers of Heart Wall}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Epicardium:}} visceral layer of serous pericardium. Composed of mesothelium and delicate connective tissue.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Myocardium:}} cardiac muscle tissue responsible for pumping action of the heart.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Endocardium:}} composed of thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\} {\bf{{\emph{Chambers of heart}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{2 superior atria, 2 inferior ventricles.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of mammalian heart (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{On anterior region of both atria, {\bf{auricles}} are present. Auricles are large wrinkled pouches that increases capacity of the atria.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} Series of grooves on the surface of heart that contain blood vessels and variable amount of fat are called {\bf{Sulci}}. Sulci are of three types: coronary sulcus, anterior intraventricular sulcus, posterior intraventricular sulcus.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Right Atrium:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Receives blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Average thickness of wall: 2-3 mm (atria pumps blood to adjacent ventricles, hence pressure of pumping is less and walls are thin).} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Anterior wall is rough due to muscular ridges called pectinate muscles.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Right and Left atria are divided by interatrial septum.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} Blood from RA -{}-\textgreater{} Tricuspid Valve (Right AV Valve) -{}-\textgreater{} RV} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Right Ventricle:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Receives blood from right atrium.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Average thickness of wall: 4-5 mm (RV pumps blood relatively short distance to the lungs)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibres called trabeculae carnae.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{RV and LV are separated by interventricular septum.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} Blood from RV -{}-\textgreater{} Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -{}-\textgreater{} Pulmonary Trunk -{}-\textgreater{} Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of mammalian heart (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Left Atrium:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Receives blood from 4 pulmonary veins.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Average thickness: 2-3 mm} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} Blood from LA -{}-\textgreater{} Bicuspid Valve (Left AV Valve) -{}-\textgreater{} LV} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Left Ventricle:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Receives blood from left atrium.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Average thickness: 10-15mm (blood is pumped a great distance to all cells of the body hence LV contract with great force)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Contains trabeculae carnae.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{During foetal life, a temporary blood vessel called ductus arteriosus shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta. Hence, only small amount of blood enters non functioning foetal lungs. Remnant of ductus arteriosus is the ligamentum arteriosum, which connects the arch of aorta and the pulmonary trunk.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} Blood from LV -{}-\textgreater{} Aortic Semilunar Valve -{}-\textgreater{} Ascending Aorta -{}-\textgreater{} Coronary Arteries, Arch of Aorta/ Thoracic Aorta, Descending Aorta/ Abdominal Aorta} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\} {\bf{{\emph{Valves of Heart}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Operation of Atrioventricular Valves:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{When AV valves are open, rounded end of the cusps project into the ventricle. When the ventricles are relaxed, papillary muscles are relaxed, chordae tendinae are slack and blood flows from higher pressure in atria to lower pressure in ventricles.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} When the ventricles contract, pressure of blood drives the cusps up till their edges meet and close the opening. Papillary muscles contract, causing chordae tendinae to tighten} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of mammalian heart (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Operation of Semilunar Valves:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Each cusp attaches to the arterial wall by its convex outer margin. Free borders of the cusp project into the lumen of the artery.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{When ventricles contract, pressure builds up within the chamber. Semilunar valves open when the pressure within the chamber exceeds the pressure in the arteries, permitting ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk or aorta.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\} {\bf{{\emph{Systemic Circulation}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Left side of the heart is a pump for systemic circulation.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{LA receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{LA -{}-\textgreater{} LV -{}-\textgreater{} Aorta -{}-\textgreater{} Systemic Arteries -{}-\textgreater{} Systemic Arterioles -{}-\textgreater{} Systemic Capillaries} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{In capillaries, blood unloads O2 and picks ups CO2.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} Systemic capillaries -{}-deoxygenated blood-{}-\textgreater{} systemic venules -{}-\textgreater{} veins -{}-\textgreater{} RA} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\} {\bf{{\emph{Pulmonary Circulation}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Right Side of the heart is pumped for pulmonary circulation.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{RA receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{RA -{}-\textgreater{} RV -{}-\textgreater{} pulmonary trunk -{}-\textgreater{} pulmonary arteries -{}-\textgreater{} left and right lungs} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{In pulmonary capillaries, blood unloads CO2 and picks up O2.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Pulmonary capillaries -{}-oxygenated blood-{}-\textgreater{} pulmonary veins -{}-\textgreater{} LA} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coronary Circulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Nutrients are not able to diffuse from the blood in the chambers to all the layers of cells in the heart wall.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Hence, heart has its own system of circulation called Coronary/ Cardiac Circulation.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Coronary arteries branch from ascending aorta and encircle the heart.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} When heart is relaxed, high blood pressure of blood in the aorta propels the blood through the coronary arteries, into the coronary capillaries and then into the coronary veins.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Coronary Arteries}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{1. Left Coronary Artery:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\textasciitilde{} {\emph{Anterior Intraventricular:}} also called left anterior descending artery, it is in the anterior intraventricular sulcus and supplies oxygenated blood to both the ventricles.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\textasciitilde{} {\emph{Circumflex:}} lies in the coronary sulcus, supplies oxygenated blood to left side of the heart} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{2. Right Coronary Artery:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\textasciitilde{} {\emph{Posterior Intraventricular:}} lies in the posterior intraventricular sulcus, supplies oxygenated blood to both ventricles.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} \textasciitilde{} {\emph{Marginal:}} lies in the coronary sulcus and supplies oxygenated blood to RV.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Coronary Veins}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\textasciitilde{} {\emph{Great Cardiac Vein}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\textasciitilde{} {\emph{Middle Cardiac Vein}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\textasciitilde{} {\emph{Small Cardiac Vein}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\} \textasciitilde{} {\emph{Anterior Cardiac Vein}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cardiac Muscle Tissue}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Cardiac muscle fibres have centrally located nucleus.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Gap junctions between the muscle fibres allow the entire myocardium of the atrium/ ventricles to contract as a large unit.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Large mitochondria, take up about 25\% of cytosolic space.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}