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% Document Info
\author{Aelphi (Aelphi)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (network-05-ethernet-fundamentals.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Aelphi (Aelphi))
  /Subject (Network+ | 05.Ethernet Fundamentals Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Network+ | 05.Ethernet Fundamentals Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Aelphi (Aelphi)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/179727/cs/37546/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Aelphi (Aelphi) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/aelphi} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 25th March, 2023.\\
   Updated 28th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fundamentals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Basic elements & Layer 1, contention-based (unorderly transmission) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{CSMA/CD}} & Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detect \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Carrier Sense}} & Listen to the wire, verify if busy \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Multiple Access}} & all devices have access at any time \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Collision Detect}} & if collision occurs, wait random time, try again \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Collision Domain}} {\emph{/CDO}} & all devices on an internet segment (same cable or hub) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & half duplex, operates CSMA/CD \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Switches}} & creates multiple CDOs, 1port=1CDO \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -\textgreater{} no chance of collision, full-duplex capability \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limitations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SPEED}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Ethernet & 10Mbps \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fast Ethernet & 100Mbps \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Gigabit Ethernet & 1000Mbps / 1Gbps \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
10-Gigabit Ethernet & 10Gbps \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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100-Gigabit Ethernet & 100Gbps \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{DISTANCE}} {\emph{(memo)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Copper & 100m \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CAT6 & 100m@1Gbps / 55m@10Gbps \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
CAT8 & 30m \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MMF (T, TX,FX, SR, SX) & short range (200-500m) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
SMF (LX, LR, ZX) & long range (in km) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Infrastructure devices}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Collision domain}} {\emph{/CD}} & network segment where packets collide. Collision detection/avoidance can be set \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Broadcase domain}} {\emph{/BD}} & domain where broadcast packets are diffused. The smaller the better \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hub}} & multiport repeater with or without amplification (passive/active/smart) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bridge}} & analyse source MAC adr \& populates table. Separates collision domains \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Switch}} & combination of hub and bridge \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- layer 2 & all ports belong to broadcast domain \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- layer 3 & creates one {\emph{BD}} per port. Makes routing decisions, interconnect entire NW \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Router}} & connects NW together, makes {\emph{fw}} decisions. Separates {\emph{CD}} and {\emph{BD}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Features}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Link Aggregation}} & \seqsplit{802.3ad} & combines multiple connect° into a single logical connect° \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & increased bandwith, congestion lowered \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{PoE}}, {\bf{PoE+}} & \seqsplit{802.3af/at} & electrical power over Ethernet, Cat5 mini, 15.4W/25.5W \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Port monitoring}} &  & network sniffer plugged on a hub - analyse purpose \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Port mirroring}} &  & copy all traffic to another port \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{User Auth.}} & \seqsplit{802.1x} & once auth., a key is generated and shared \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Management}} &  & {\bf{SSH}} for remote access, {\bf{console port}} for local admin. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Out-of-Band}} &  & NW conf. devices on a separate NW \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{First-Hop Redundancy}} &  & creates a stand-by router in case the active router fails \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{MAC Filtering}} &  & filters connect° based on MAC adr \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Traffic Filtering}} &  & filters connect° based on IP adr \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{QoS}} &  & forwards traffic according to priority markings \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spanning Tree Protocol STP 802.1D}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Role}} & redundant links btw switches, prevent traffic loops. Without STP, MAC table can be corrupted \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Broadcast Storms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{when a switches broadcasts btw each other in loop. Multiple copies are forwarded in loop. NW becomes saturated} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Root Bridge}} & reference bridge for spanning tree. defined with BID (lower BID) - made of {\emph{priority value }}and MAC adr. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Non-Root Bridge}} & all other switches \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 6
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{\bf{Root Port}} & on N-RB, closest port to the RB \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Designated Port}} & port with the lowest cost index to route to the RB. RB has only designated ports \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Non-Des. Port}} & all other ports. Block traffic to avoid loops \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Port states}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{- Blocking}} & BPDU recieved but not forwarded \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{- Listensing}} & idem+ but populates MAC adr table \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{- Learning}} & process BPDU, switch tries to determine its role \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{- Forwarding}} & full ops \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spanning Tree Protocol STP 802.1D (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Link Costs}} & speed of a link. Lower the speed, higher the cost \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ex: & Fast Ethernet :19, GB Ethernet : 4 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Long STP from 2.000.000 to 2. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Virtual LAN (VLAN)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Principle}} & allows different logical NWs with a single hardware. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
How ? & use certain ports to separate broadcast domains \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{VLAN Trunking}} & multiple VLAN using same phy. cable \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{TPI}} & Tag Protocol Identifier \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{TCI}} & Tag Control Identifier \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
VLAN 0 & Native VLAN left untagged \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Specialized Equipment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{VPN}} & virtual tunnel over untrusted NW/Internet \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{VPN concentrator}} & tunnel traffic to a single location \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{VPN headend}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Firewalls}} & softw or hardw, allows some outcome traffic, blocks some inbound traffic \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{NGFW}} & packet inspection at layer 7 (App lvl). much more powerful \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{IDS/IPS}} & {\emph{Intrusion Detection/Prevention System}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & recognizes attacks and can respond \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Proxy}} & content filter server \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Content/Caching Engine}} & caching service for a proxy \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Load Balancer}} & distributes request across a server farm \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}