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  /Title (pathophysiology-chapter-4-5-quiz.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (aecappella)
  /Subject (Pathophysiology -{}- Chapter 4-5 Quiz Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Pathophysiology -{}- Chapter 4-5 Quiz Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \vspace{-2pt}aecappella \\
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   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th May, 2025.\\
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical Volume Pearls}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{30\% acute loss: hypovolemic shock \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Hemodilution (massive crystalloids / sepsis): protein drop → edema / drug binding changes% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Marrow / Stem-Cell Disorders}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Aplastic Anemia} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{hypocellular marrow (immune/drug/toxin) → pancytopenia, low retic, empty biopsy} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypercoagulability}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{↑ platelet function → endothelial injury (atherosclerosis, DM, smoking, hyperlipidemia) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
↑ clotting activity \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- inherited: factor V leiden (APC resistance), prothrombin G20210A, protein C/S or ATIII deficiency \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- acquired: pregnancy/OCPs, stasis (immobility, CHF), malignancy, antiphospholipid syndrome, inflammation/sepsis% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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Albumin (54\%) & Globulins (38\%) & Fibrinogen (7\%) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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large, stays \seqsplit{intravascular:} maintains colloid oncotic pressure & α-globulins → bilirubin \& steroids & soluble: thrombin converts to insoluble fibrin → coagulation mesh \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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carrier for bilirubin, hormones, FFAs, many drugs & β-globulins → iron \seqsplit{(transferrin)} \& copper \seqsplit{(ceruloplasmin)} & when removed, remaining fluid = serum \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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↓ albumin (cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, \seqsplit{malnutrition)} → edema, ↑ free drug fraction & γ-globulins → \seqsplit{immunoglobulins} (antibodies) &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Lab distinction: order plasma for coagulation studies (contains fibrinogen) vs serum for chemistries / antibodies}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagnostic Cornerstones}}  \tn
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% Row 1
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% Row 4
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% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hematopoiesis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Developmental migration → yolk sac (wk 2-8) → liver + spleen (wk 8-7 mo gestation) → bone marrow (≧7 mo fetal \& post-natal) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Adult active (red) marrow restricted to axial skeleton \& proximal long bones: yellow marrow = fat (can reconvert under stress) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC): self-renewing: differentiates to: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- Common myeloid progenitor → CFU-E (erythroid), CFU-GM (granulocyte/monocyte), CFU-Meg (megakaryocyte) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
- Common lymphoid progenitor → pro-B, pro-T, NK \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Cytokine / growth-factor regulation: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- Erythropoietin (EPO) — renal peritubular cells respond to hypoxia → ↑ RBC proliferation \& Hb synthesis \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
- Granulocyte-CSF / GM-CSF — drive neutrophil \& monocyte lines: pharmacologic G-CSF (filgrastim) for chemo induced neutropenia \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
- Thrombopoietin (TPO) — hepatic \& renal origin: binds megakaryocytes \& platelets → controls platelet mass \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
- IL-3, IL-5, IL-7 fine-tune lineage commitment \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH): \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
- Occurs when marrow incapable (fibrosis, infiltration, hemolytic stress) → liver \& spleen resume fetal role → splenomegaly, leuko-erythroblastic smear, tear-drop RBCs% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Vascular Spasm} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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% Row 2
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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