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  /Title (history-exam-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (adub54)
  /Subject (History exam 1 Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{History exam 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{adub54} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/31068/cs/9367/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}adub54 \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 5th October, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{First Gobalization}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{→ a new (and genuine) globalization \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-1450/1500- 1750/1800→ period of the first globalization \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
(Early Modern Era) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
*CC's accidental discovery→ world-changing consequences \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
-Columbian exchange refers to the transfer of people,plants,animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Plants \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
OW→ NW \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
-Wheat, Grapes,Barley, Rice, Oranges, Watermelon,Bananas, Sugarcane,Coffee,Oats,Rye \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
NW→ OW \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
-Tobacco, Maize (Corn), Beans,Chili Peppers,Cocoa, Peanuts, Tomatoes, White/Sweet Potatoes, Pumpkins \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
Animals \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
OW→ NW \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
-Horses, Cows,Pigs,Chicken,Sheep,Goats \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
NW→ OW \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
Turkey \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
*Atlantic Slave trade→ Middle Passage→ 1450-1867 \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
Represented the second side of a larger triangular trade \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
1st side-consisted of transport of European and Asian goods to the west-central coast of Africa \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
At the European trading posts,called "factories,European factors exchanged European/Asian goods for captive Africans \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{First Gobalization (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3rd side completed when European slavers exchanged their human cargoes for the New World raw materials, which were sold throughout the Old World.   \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
→ 1450-1867 \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
→ 18th C.= high point, more captive Africans crossed the Atlantic than during all the other centuries of the A.S.T combined. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
10 billion captive Africans imported by the Americas \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
12.4 million captive Africans exported from the African continent. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
-What region of the Americans imported the most captive Africans? \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Subtropical/tropical areas \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
sugarcane("white gold") \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
80\% of fueled the captive Africa's A.S.T ended up on sugarcane plantations.% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mongols}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{→ the Mongol Moment→ the great Mongol empire (13th + 14th c's) How deadly? \seqsplit{                        Populations} plummeted by \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
In china \seqsplit{                                           33} \%          \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
In Europe \seqsplit{                                         30-60\%} \seqsplit{                    } \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
Temujin 1206      → Genghis Khan  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
The campaign conquest beginning in 1209 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
→ the consequences of 50 yrs of Eurasian World War \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
PAX Mongolica → brought a smaller, more interconnected world \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
→ Mongol rulers intentionally protected and promoted long-distance exchanges \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
HOW? - to facilitate long-distance communication: → created transcontinental postal system  \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
Consisted of 10,000 postal relay stations \& 300,000 horses \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
guarded trade routes   \textless{}-{}-    -to facilitate long-distance commercial/cultural exchanges: -issued passports \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
Smaller, more interconnected Eurasian world  \textless{}-{}-  Marco Polo  \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{                                                                          1275-1292=} resided in East Asia, China=  the      jewel of the Mongol Empire \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mongols (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1275- The travels of Marco Polo-{}-        -served the Great Khan, Khubilai Khan, as a diplomat \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
( ca. 1300) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
1275- wrote about mighty Mongol Warriors and a magnificent chinese empire \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
Pox Mongolica \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
/ \seqsplit{                  /} \seqsplit{                       /}  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
Bubonic     Black Death    Great Morality- germs could/did travel the same routes as humans \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Plague        \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
…………..14th century \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
-Great Mongol Empire transformed a regional epidemic into a transcontinental pandemic  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
Black Death \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Originated in SW China in the 1320s, reached W Europe by the late 1340s \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
transmission/ spread \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
Rats - carriers of the plague bacteria       - the wagon trains of invading Mongol rulers also \seqsplit{           contributed} to the westward spread of the Bubonic Plague \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 4)
      / \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
  fleas \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
     / \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{          Humans} \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
Black Death \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
         /% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ottoman turks and stuff}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{* Cortes and the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
*1519-1521→ Cortes and a private army of 600 men initiated a conquistador mission against a vast and populous Aztec Empire.  Numbered in the millions- tenochtitlan= 200-3,000 inhabitants \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
*the "hows"   \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
→ Spanish military technology → steel weaponry vs. stone/modern weapons \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{                     gunpowder} weaponry,muskets,cannons,horses  Swords,pikes,crossbows        axes,swords, clubs  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\seqsplit{                    Attack} dogs PHYSICALLY TERRIFYING  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
-the Spanish method of warfare→ steel-clad Spanish conquistadors vs. Aztec warriors who wore quilted-cotton costumes that summoned animal spirits \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
Spanish fought to kill, more practical/Aztec fought to capture more ceremonial  \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
-the Native American allies of the spanish→ subjugated people's non- Aztec people's-provided crucial military support \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
25,000-50,000 \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
Native interpreters cultural intermediance allowed Cortes to navigate a foreign terrain and enter into much-needed alliance → Malinche/Dona Marina, initially Corte's concubine birthed him a son ( Martin) Mestizo  \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 5)
-the germs of the Spanish→ invisible alien microbes which bred highly contagious diseases, significantly weakened Aztec resistance.  \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ottoman turks and stuff (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-outbreak of smallpox in 1521 reduced Tenochtitlan populations by half. → Finally allowing Cortes and his men to fully vanquish the Aztec Empire.   \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
How many people's inhabited the Americas before 1492? → demographic catastrophe/population collapse → Great Dying after only a century of contact Amerindian population drastically declined 75 -90 \%  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 5)
-European→ 70 to 90 million \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
-African→ 50 to 70 million \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
-American→ 50 million  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Amerindians lacked immunities to Old World diseases% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{China/ Ming dynasty}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{*the East Asian world \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1368 Zhu Yuanzhang→ founder of the Ming dynastic empire in China. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{                /} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{             1644-} under his leadership, China peasant rebel ousted the Mongol Khan from East Asia \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\seqsplit{                                                                                 "} Red Turbans" \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
First captured Nanjing       later captured Beijing  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Early Modern era ( 1450/1500- 1750/1800) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
Period of the first globalization  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{                        Sought} to create a vast military power \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
Zhu Yuanzhang→ " Hongwu" Emperor \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
→ he and other early Ming rulers sought to make China externally secure, internally stable \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
Construction of defensive fortifications  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
Nanjing great wall \seqsplit{                                                                             Great} wall of China \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
\seqsplit{                       24}               \textless{} -{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}- Miles long-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}--\textgreater{}        4,000  \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
\seqsplit{                       40}                      \textless{} -{}-Feet in height→ \seqsplit{                                 25} \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{China/ Ming dynasty (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\seqsplit{                       25}                         \textless{} -{}-Feet wide at the top→ \seqsplit{                    20} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
15th/16th centuries-{}- Ming China is mightiest and wealthiest global empire.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
why/how? \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Military terms→ possessed a 1-million-man army,equipped with cannons and gunpowder grades \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
Commercial terms-{}-{}-\textgreater{} produced highly valuable and sought after trading, guns,silks, cotton , iron/copper tools,  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
Human resources→ China possessed an exploding population  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
1390→  10/80 millions \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
During the 16th Cen.. → 150 Million \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Middle of the 17th Cen.. 250 million \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
Contained densely populated areas \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
Metropolitan populations of 1 million more  \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
Imperial splender \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
Emperor Yongle relocated the Chinese capital to Beijing.  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
He rebuilt the imperial compound of the Mongol Khans.  \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
Some 1 million laborers, 100,000 artisans helped to renovate the new Ming capital. / consisted of 3 separate walled, enclosures \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
-innermost = forbidden City \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
Ming means bright and brilliant% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spain and CC}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{By 1498, Vasco da Gama accomplished what Henry the Navigator had envisioned since the early 1400s→  the discovery of the alternative sea lane to Asia; direct Portugese access to the trading goods/markets of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea → The Portuguese would assemble an extensive seaborne, hot necessarily built for colonization, but for commerce.  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 8)
Portuguese- sponsored voyages  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
→ opened up a known world to European \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Spanish-funded conditions  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
→ opened up a new world to European \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Bartolomeu Dias, in 1489, informed his monarch that the navigational was within reach→ Dias  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
reached/partially rounded the southern tip of Africa \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
Christopher Columbus→ Enterprise of the Indies  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
His plan revolved about a Westwards sea lane from Western Europe to East Asia \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
Frequently emt with rejection:  \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{                                             -} King Joao II (Portugal) \seqsplit{                     -} Merchants/banking communities in italy \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 4)
\seqsplit{                                             -King} Henry VII (England) \seqsplit{                                      -Ferdinand} and Isabella (Spain) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 5)
\seqsplit{                                             -} King Louis XI ( France)  \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spain and CC (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Why did CC struggle to find a sponsor?  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
→ CC's geographical/ nautical miscalculations \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
-he underestimated the length of the globe and the Atlantic Ocean miles separating the for ends of Eurasia \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
Actual globe  vs     cc's globe \seqsplit{                                         actual} A.O. Miles \seqsplit{          C.C.'s} estimate \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
-25,000 miles           -18,750 miles \seqsplit{                                  -10-12},000 \seqsplit{                      -about} 3,000 miles \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
Why did the Spanish monarch ultimately back CC's enterprise?  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
→ material and spiritual considerations  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
An important event preceded and arguably made possible CC's voyage→ completion of the Reconquista in Spain→ Christian military and religious campaign  to oust Muslim rulers from their positions of power in Iberia.  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 5)
Reconquista ended, in Spain, in 1492  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
-final battle of Conquest→ Granada  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
-early 1492→ Christian armies besieged,assaulted, then took control of the final Islamic/ Moorish stronghold in Spain.             \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 3)
CC's appeal- direct Spanish access to Asian markets would enrich Ferdinand and Isabella, allowing them: \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
-to pay off Reconquista debts \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spain and CC (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-to extend the Reconquista to Jerusalem  % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eurasia info}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{    The Eurasian World before the Early Modern Era Part 1 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
*Eurasia-{}-{}-\textgreater{} vast landmass "world island" \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
/           / \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Inner  outer- consists of 6 units{\emph{S. Asia }}SW Asia {\emph{SE Asia }} E. Asia {\emph{Europe}}Mediterranean basin \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
/ \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Ecological characteristics \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
-{}-{}-\textgreater{} drier → limited rainfall→ farming historically difficult  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
-{}-{}-\textgreater{} flatter → greater extremes of temperatures → harsh winters/ hot summers \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
-{}-{}-\textgreater{} more northerly in location → colder/ longer winters→ less sunlight, shorter growing seasons \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
Dryness-{}- \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Flatness -{}-       settled agricultural developed later throughout Eurasia-{}- Dense Urban populations \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
Northern-{}- \seqsplit{                                                                                                developed} inner Eurasia \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 5)
Latitudes -{}- \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
Three the of the largest land-based empires in Inner Eurasia \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
Mongolian  Empire \seqsplit{            -Russian} Empire \seqsplit{              -} Soviet Union  \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eurasia info (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{      (emerged in the 15th century)   (took shape after 1500)    (emerged after the collapse of the Russian empire) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
The Mongols-{}- who were they? \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
→ nomadic pastoralist -{}-\textgreater{} less populous and economically productive than settled agricultural communities \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
→ members of mobile society, engaged in herding and hunting   \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
1206→ a massive Mongol tribal assembly elected Temujin as "Genghis Khan"  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{                                                                                                          /} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 5)
\seqsplit{                                                                                                 Universal} ruler \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 5)
1209→ Mongol warriors, under Genghis Khan, embarked on a campaign of conquest.  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
What followed→ 50 years of Eurasia world war \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
1209-{}-{}-the sons and grandsons of Genghis extended his -{}-{}-\textgreater{} the work of empire building continued after the 1227 death of Genghis% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spain and CC and the voyage with other key people}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1492→ Columbus's accidental discovery established initial and sustained contact between old \& New World people's.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Lisbon; Portugal's capital city, during the 1500s, it was one of the foremost cities of Europe, as well as commercial emporium.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
Why did Portugal-with a population of 1 million- lead the European way in maritime exploration/ commercial expansion?  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
*Portugal's internal political situation   HEAD START \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
-Joao 1 ( John 1) created a centralized monarchy earlier than any other European state builder.  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
- he defeated an invading army from northern Spain, and reduced the power of local nobility  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
* Portugal's geographical location  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
ocean -facing Portugal occupied the SW corner of Europe \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
Farther away from the center of Ottoman imperial power \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
*Portugal's religious sense of mission (crusading zeal) by the middle of the 15th century \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
Of the two principal iberian kingdoms Portugal completed the Reconquista first refers to a christian military religious campaign to expel Islamic rulers from iberian.  → the Moors→ North African moderns controlled large parts of the iberian peninsula since the 5th century.  \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 6)
*Portuguese economic \& religious motivations as they sought to uncover an alternative sea lane to Asia.  \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spain and CC and the voyage with other key people (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{→ bypass the Ottoman merchant middleman and possible hinder the future growth /power of the Ottoman Empire \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
If the Portuguese emerged as the principal carriers of Asian goods to Europe← \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
→ spread the word of the Christian God to unbelievers.  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
* Portugal's royal patronage \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Prince Enrique→ " Henry the Navigator" \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
(1394-1460)  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
→ helped to transform Portugal into a leading European center of navigational training/research.  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
-Sagres naval academy, Portugal's royal family sponsored ship designers, members, voyages of discover. → carauel- smaller more slender, faster, more maneuverable triangular sail allowed  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
-for the against-the-wind navigation.% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ottoman empire}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{*1453→ a turning-point year in world history? \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-the demise of the centuries-old Byzantine empire/ Eastern Roman Empire  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
*Who were the Ottoman Turks?  → Turkic-speaking peoples originally from Central Asia, they migrated Westwards during the 9th,10th, and 11th  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\seqsplit{                         /} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Osmanli 1 ( 1259-1326) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
-founder of the Ottoman dynasty           → ended up in the northwestern corner of the Anatalia Peninsula     \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
-his reign marked the beginning of the 250 years of Ottoman imperial expansionism. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
Mehmed II → r. 1451-1481 \seqsplit{                                     } \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
(the conqueror)    \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
-Ottoman sultans \seqsplit{                                           -Ming} emperors \seqsplit{                                      -European} Monarchs \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 5)
-"Shadow of God" \seqsplit{                                          -}  "models of heaven" \seqsplit{                             -} "divine right to rule" \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 5)
*offer-worldly justification for the world rule \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
*Ottoman-imperial titles \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ottoman empire (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- "Shadows of God  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-Podista (persian) also "God's deputy on earth"  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
"Great king"  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
-Caliph  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
"Successor of messenger of God" \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Spiritually-centered expansionism \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
How did the Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople? → superior numbers-80,000 besiegers vs 7,000 City defenders trusted in the city's defensive walls.  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
O.T. possessed 3 advantages → superior weaponry( gunpowder technology) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
-26 foot long cannons, that could fire stone balls weighing upwards 1,200 pounds  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
→ superior positioning  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
-by 1453, Constantinople was all that was remained of a once migrated Byzantine Empire \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
Ottoman Turks completely surrounded the Byzantines.% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}