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% Document Info
\author{abirjepatil}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (dbfinals.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (abirjepatil)
  /Subject (dbfinals Cheat Sheet)
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{dbfinals Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{abirjepatil} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/20522/cs/3712/}}}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}abirjepatil \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/abirjepatil} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 17th March, 2015.\\
   Updated 11th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spatial Database}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1.offers spatial data types:- points lines,regions. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
2.Collection of objects: partition. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
{\bf{operators that evaluate to boolean}} 1. inside 2.intersect 3. adjacent \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{operators-\textgreater{}spatial data types}} 1.intersection, plus,minus,contour. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
{\bf{operators returning numbers}} 1.dist,perimeter. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
{\bf{operators on set of objects}}1.sum,closest. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\bf{Relationships}} disjoint 1, in46,touch9 equal10, cover1214, overlap16. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Requirements for Graphical \seqsplit{Representation.1.graphical} display of query results.{\emph{graphical combination}}.{\bf{display of context on an image}}.query to select a part of an image.Legend.Label Placement.Scale Selection. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 5)
{\bf{NEW THINGS REQUIRED IN DBMS}}spatial data types.Procs for data types.Spatial index structure.filter and refine techniques.spatial join operations.% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{XML And Web}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Sql is set oriented.prepared statements. SQL Injections.{\bf{JSON Values. true,false,null,object,array}}{\emph{eval and parse}} {\bf{XML:- attribute name value pair. root,element,attribute,instructions,text,namespace,content.}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
DTD:- IDREFS : reference to IDS. \textless{}!ATTLIST\textgreater{}\textless{}!ELEMENT\textgreater{} {\bf{?optional star optional repeatable + required repeatable.}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
Drawbacks of DTD: 1.inconvinient to build tools using them. don't capture main domains.ids not a good implementation. no way of OO inheritance. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
XSD: using Xpath to for keys. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Simple element : no attributes,elements and not empty.% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Encryption and decryption.}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Symmetric Encryption: all users know the key. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
RSA: public and private key.L=P*Q; \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
e random number. s=d \textasciicircum{}emod L; \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
decryption: d{\emph{e=lmod((p-l)}}(q-l)) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Certifying Servers : SSL.certification authority. public key stored in browser. temp session key browser -\textgreater{} encodes  it from amazon pub key.and sends to amazon. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
Statistical DB Security:- information about individuals:each query must involve n number of rows.% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spatial Indexing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{approximation of geometries.Minimum bounding rectangles. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Two step operation:1.Selects all objects whose MBR satisfy the query. A superset of objects is returned. In the next step this superset is refined to return the object that is required.% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{R Tree}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Based on MBR. Used for 2d Objects.MBR of objects form the leaves of the tree. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
R tree is a depth balanced.The root has atleast 2 entries. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Two types of queries:1.point query.2.window query.% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quad tree based Indexing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Space based structures. Division of each space into 4 quadrants. the subdivision can be equal or unequal. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{SPACE DRIVEN}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Based on partitioning of the embedding 2D space into rectangular cells, independently of the object distribution. Objects are mapped to cells according to some pre-defined criterion. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
Example: Quadtrees \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\bf{DATA DRIVEN}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Based on subdivision of the set of objects and not the embedding space. The subdivision adapts to the object distribution in the space. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
Example: R-trees% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sorting.}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Data required in sorted order. grouping operations.sort merger join. duplicate removal. Bulk loading B+. {\bf{External Merge Sort:- 2N ({[}log n {]}+1)}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Cost of merge sort:-  \seqsplit{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
cost : \seqsplit{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}.% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Storage}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{communication via page requests.query-\textgreater{} page requests.{\bf{RAID}}  1.Level 0:- break a file into blocks,distribute amongst disks.simple to implement, no redundancy or error correction. Low MTTF. 2.Level 1 : Exact replica. Read performance can  be improved. Write perf suffers. Expensive.twice space.3. Level 2:- Stripes data. bit interleaved.ECC. Multi disk record ECC, Parity disk.more disks required.{[}erfpr,ace/ECC code .one read at one time. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 9)
Raid Level 3:-Parity Disk is added. ECC codes with each sector. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Raid Level 4:- interleaves file blocks.allows small IO operations to be done at once.reads are simple to understand. write requires two reads and two writes. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
Raid level 5:- stripes file data and check data over all the disks. write performance improves.high performance. most expensive.mirror each strip.% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Two phase locking}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{restrict access in some way. Balance between safety and efficiency. release the lock only after the entire transaction has completed. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Transaction must hold a lock. if another transaction conflicts then it will wait for the previous transaction to release the lock. @ phase locking blocking.leads to deadlock. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
Deadlocks:- ostrich : ctrl+alt+del, timeout,detection and recovery, avoidance,prevention. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
When deadlock is detected some transaction is rolled back.starvation:- same transaction may be aborted.solution: count no of times roll back. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
Avoidance:-  timestamping. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Lock manager:- process to send lock and unlock.responds-\textgreater{} lock grant.lock table-\textgreater{} hash table.new req end of table.unlock results in the entry being deleted and other entries taken care of.% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transactions.}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Concurrent access.Isolation: interleaved \seqsplit{transactions.serializable} transactions.Conflicts:- RW,WR,WW. {\bf{READ Write transactions.:-SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY;}}.{\emph{WR Conflicts: Dirty Reads: uncommitted transactions.}}.{\emph{RW Conflict :-unrepeatable read.transaction reads the same data and gets different ans}}.{\bf{Overwriting uncommitted data.}}.Phantom Problem. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 8)
Specifying Isolation levels:- default:- serializable. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
Eg: Set transaction Read Write; Isolation level read uncommitted. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
ST; Isolation level read committed;ST-\textgreater{} Isolation level repeatable read. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
Read committed:- does not allow reading uncommitted data. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
Repeatable Read:-if a tuple is retrieved once then once then it will be repeatable again. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
Implementing Isolation Levels:- Using locks.shared lock and exclusive lock. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
Read Uncommitted. allows to read without acquiring any lock. Read committed requires a lock.% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theory of Serializability.}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{serial schedule. all steps occur consecutively. Well Formed Two phased transaction. acquires shared lock before reading and exclusive lock before writing.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Security and authorization}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Secrecy:- not see things, Integrity:- modify that supposed to. Availability. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Access control:- security policy and security mechanism.:- Discretionary and Mandatory Access control. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
GRANT privilege ON object TO users {[}WITH GRANT OPTION{]}. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
If the creator of the view loses the SELECT then the view is dropped. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
RBAC:-Mandatory Access Control. db object is given a class. The subject is also given a class. Rules based on object and subject. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
Bell -La Padula Model. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
TS\textgreater{}S\textgreater{}C\textgreater{}U top secret,secret,confidential,unclassified.% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}