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  /Title (cell-and-molecular-biology-ch1-cells.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (abcedf (abcdef))
  /Subject (Cell and Molecular Biology Ch1- Cells Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cell and Molecular Biology Ch1- Cells Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{abcedf (abcdef)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163233/cs/34183/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}abcedf (abcdef) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/abcdef} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 15th September, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.73735 cm} x{2.23965 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cells are the basic structural \& functional unit of life. & Viruses do not qualify as living. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
All living organisms are composed of cells. & No cellular structures, \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
All cells arise from pre-existing cells. & don't metabolize, \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Spontaneous generation does NOT occur. & not motile, \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & don't reproduce w/o a host cell \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/abcdef_1663163750_Nucleus sketch final.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Double}} phospholipid bilayer membrane (nuclear envelope) \newline Biggest organelle in most cells \newline Ancestral prokaryote membrane folded in on itself, trapping DNA and protecting it}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus cont.}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The nuclear envelope is very restrictive & Contains most eukaryotic DNA (some DNA in chloroplasts and mitochondira) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Organizes DNA with chromosomal territories separated by proteins & Nucleolus is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and assembly \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Protein structures and RNA can fit through nuclear pores to leave the nucleus & rRNA is the most abundant form of RNA, and is part of the ribosome \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Golgi Apparatus}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Functions to process, sort, and ship molecules synthesized in ER & "Post office" of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Made up of {\bf{Cisternae}} - all separate flattened membranes for vesicular transport} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cis side- {[}"same"{]} side facing ER & Trans side- {[}"opposite"{]} side facing away from ER \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Vesicular transport can be tracked in a laboratory with a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lysosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{[}"breaking body"{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Acidified}} organelle specializing in digestion & pH=4.5-5 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
degrades material via endocytosis & (bring into cell, phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
enzymes work in the acidified environment to digest & they break down {\emph{intracellular}} materials \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Aid in {\emph{Autophagy}}- {[}"self-eating"{]} & recycle things like mitochondria that are 'expired' to use material for other metabolic functions \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.51041 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{1.00694 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Diversity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Measured in micrometers & 1x10\textasciicircum{}3\textasciicircum{}µm = 1mm & 1x10\textasciicircum{}6\textasciicircum{}µm = 1m \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
bacteria= 1-10 µm & plant/animal= 10-100 µm &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
round, rod, or spiral shape & shape is linked to function & {\emph{Form Fits Function}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Aerobic= needs oxygen & Anaerobic= without oxygen or oxygen is toxic &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Prokaryote}} vs. & {\bf{Eukaryote}} &  \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}no membrane bound organelles & \textgreater{}membrane bound organelles &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}Domains Bacteria \& Archaea & \textgreater{}Domain Eukaryota &  \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}Eukaryotes stress compartmentalization, using organelles with different functions and specialized roles. \newline \textgreater{}Protists are included in Eukaryota, being single celled Eukaryotes.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ribosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Composed of rRNA and protein - rRNA does the actual translating & Performs protein synthesis (translation) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Possessed by {\bf{{\emph{ALL}}}} cells & Not membrane bound \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2 different populations in eukaryotes:} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Free (cytosolic)- floating around, makes cytoplasmic proteins & Bound to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- makes ER proteins, cell membrane proteins \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Exists inside chloroplasts and mitochondria (to translate cpDNA and mtDNA) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{cpDNA= chloroplast DNA \newline mtDNA= mitochondrial DNA}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Smooth ER}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
site of synthesis of membrane lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol) & Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} storage for muscle cell contraction \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textgreater{} Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} is a signalling molecule, kept in the smooth ER until needed for muscle contraction \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitochondria}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Site of cell respiration & (citric acid cycle, e\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} transport) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{has endosymbiotic origins:} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}double phospholipid bilayer membrane & \textgreater{}ancestral eukaryote with nuclear envelope and ER phagocytized an ancestral prokaryote that was good at cell respiration \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Matrix}}- aqueous solution inside mitochondria} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cristae}}- inner membrane of mitochondria & this increases surface area for cell respiration to occur \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Key to initiation of {\bf{apoptosis}}- programmed cell death & occurs when there is DNA damage, metabolic stress, or oxidative stress \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytoskeleton}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the cell's 'muscles and bones'} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Filamentous proteins}}- 'bones', structure, support, shape & {\bf{Motor proteins}}- 'muscles', contraction, cell movement \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions:} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}contributes to {\emph{eukaryotic}} cell shape & \textgreater{}controls all aspects of eukaryotic cell motility \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cell Wall}} & {\bf{Cell Membrane}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
possessed by most organisms: bacteria, protists, fungi, plants & possessed by {\emph{every}} cell \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
provides structure and shape, & functions as: control entry and exit from cell (semi-permeable), \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
protection against hypotonic environment, & cell communication, \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
very porous to permit passage of nutrients. & adhesion to other cells (anchored with protein complexes). \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Phospholipid bilayer moves laterally and fluidly, composed of small pieces \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endoplasmic Reticulum}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/abcdef_1663165738_endoplasmicreticulumfigure1.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The ER is a physical extension directly connected to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. \newline \textgreater{} proteins in the nuclear membrane can diffused directly into the ER \newline {\bf{Lumen}}= space in between membrane of ER}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rough ER}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{"Rough" because of ribosomes on the surface} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{site of synthesis for:} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
endomembrane system proteins & secreted proteins \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Endomembrane system: ER, golgi, lysosome, cell membrane & Secreted proteins function outside cells (eg. antibodies) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}nucleus/rough/smooth ER -\textgreater{} vesicle -\textgreater{} golgi -\textgreater{} vesicle -\textgreater{} lysosome or cell membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.58804 cm} x{2.38896 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chloroplast}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Site of photosynthesis (CO2 to glucose etc. using light energy) & (plants, photosynthetic protists) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Thylakoid}}- flat stacks of membrane, possess photosynthetic enzymes & \textgreater{}site of {\emph{light reaction}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stroma}}- aqueous solution within chloroplast & \textgreater{}site of {\emph{dark reaction/Calvin cycle}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Double phospholipid bilayer membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{endosymbiotic origins: photosynthetic prokaryote became organelle in eukaryote} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.58804 cm} x{2.38896 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evidence of Endosymbiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mitochondria and Chloroplasts possess:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}double phospholipid bilayer membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) & \textgreater{}cpDNA (chloroplast DNA) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}division that mimics that of bacteria ({\emph{binary fission}})} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}division is completed when 'half-life' of mitochondria/chloroplast is spent}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}