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  /Title (cell-and-molec-biology-ch2-chemistry-of-the-cell.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (abcedf (abcdef))
  /Subject (Cell \& Molec. Biology Ch2- Chemistry of the Cell Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cell \& Molec. Biology Ch2- Chemistry of the Cell Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{abcedf (abcdef)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163233/cs/34215/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}abcedf (abcdef) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/abcdef} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 16th September, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ionic Bonds}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/abcdef_1663293060_nacl ionic bonds.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Electrons transfer to the more electronegative element, creating ions}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.73735 cm} x{2.23965 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical Bond Strength}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Covalent bonds are {\bf{strong}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Weak noncovalent: & \textgreater{}ionic \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textgreater{}hydrogen \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textgreater{}van der waals \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Composition of a Cell}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Water} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}cytoplasm, lumen, inside nucleus, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Inorganic ions} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}Fe\textasciicircum{}2+/3+\textasciicircum{}, Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{}, Mg\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{}, K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}, Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}, Cl\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{}, PO4\textasciicircum{}2-\textasciicircum{}, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}many function as {\bf{cofactors}} & \textgreater{}pieces of a protein aside from amino acid that is needed for protein to carry out function \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Organic Molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}4 major classes & \textgreater{}Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}3 are polymers, Lipids are {\emph{not}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleic Acids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Monomer: {\bf{Nucleotide}} & \textgreater{}5 carbon sugar, charged phosphate group, nitrogenous base \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}Deoxynucleotide (ATGC) - deoxyribose - lacking 1 oxygen & \textgreater{}Ribonucleotide (AUGC) - ribose \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nitrogenous Bases}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pyrimidine: cytosine, uracil, thymine & Purine: guanine, adenine \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}CUT the py & \textgreater{}Pur As Gold \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nucleotides are joined by {\bf{phosphodiester bonds}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}forms sugar-phosphate backbone} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
RNA functions for information transfer and processing (how much proteins are produced, how much gene expression, etc.) & DNA functions for information storage \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}RNA also functions for enzymatic activity (catalyze reactions) in form called {\bf{Ribozymes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nucleotide derivatives (ATP, GTP) also have important functions:} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}{\emph{Energy}}- Adenosine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide & \textgreater{}ATP, GTP, NADH \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}{\emph{Intracellular signaling}}- Cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate) & \textgreater{}for vasodilation and constriction \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Transcription is polymerization of ribonucleotides. \newline Translation is polymerization of amino acids. \newline Replication is polymerization of deoxynucleotides.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Covalent Bonds}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/abcdef_1663293438_water.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Electrons are shared, either equally (nonpolar) or unequally (polar). \newline An example of nonpolar is methane, and and example of polar is water. \newline {\bf{Nonpolar}}- think C-H and C-C bonds \newline {\bf{Polar}}- think O-H, N-H, and S-H bonds}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lipids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{NOT POLYMERS}} & \textgreater{}not chains and not repeating \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
All display degree of {\emph{hydrophobic}} behavior & \textgreater{}water insoluble due to predominantly nonpolar bonds \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Simplest lipids are fatty acids} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Some are {\emph{amphipathic}}- both hydrophobic and hydrophilic in one molecule} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Triglycerols}}- aka triglycerides or "fats"} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}glycerol + 3 fatty acids & \textgreater{}function as energy/metabolism (fatty acid -\textgreater{} Acetyl CoA for citric acid cycle) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Phospholipids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 polar head group & \textgreater{}fatty acids=hydrophobic, polar head group=hydrophilic \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}{\emph{very}} amphipathic (orientation of double bilayer membrane)} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}key components of membrane structure} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}signaling & (not just proteins doing inter \& intracellular signaling) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Lipid Diversity}} - Sources of Diversity:} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. fatty acid length & \textgreater{}about 14-20 carbons long (tends to be even \#s) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
2. number of C-C bonds in fatty acids & \textgreater{}{\bf{saturated}}- more H due to all single bonds \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lipids (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textgreater{}{\bf{unsaturated}}- less H due to double C=C bond \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
3. variability in molecule attached to glycerol & \textgreater{}fatty acid species, type of polar head group (phospholipids), oligosaccharides (glycolipids) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sterols/Steroids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nonpolar, hydrophobic} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Functions for cell membrane structure & \textgreater{}cholesterol, ergosterol \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
Functions as hormones & \textgreater{}testosterone, progesterone, estrogen \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions for vitamin synthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hydrogen Bonding}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
responsible for the basic properties of water & \textgreater{}adhesion, cohesion, density \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{H-bonding starts with {\emph{polar}} covalent bonding with a positively charged Hydrogen} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hydrophilic}}- polar covalent, like water & {\bf{Hydrophobic}}- nonpolar covalent, unlike water \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}eg. acetone & eg. 2-methyl-propane \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Intramolecular}} H-bonding: biological molecules H-bond within themselves & {\emph{Intermolecular}} H-bonding: biological molecules H-bond with other molecules \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}eg. proteins & \textgreater{}eg. nucleotide base pairing \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.93643 cm} x{2.04057 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Polymers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Monomer}} (1) -\textgreater{} {\bf{Dimer}} (2) -\textgreater{} {\bf{Oligomer}} (few) -\textgreater{} {\bf{Polymer}} (many)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Polymerization}}- completed with {\bf{Dehydration Synthesis}}/{\bf{Condensation}} reactions & \textgreater{}2 monomers condensed= dimer \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hydrolysis}} reactions break} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Draw diagrams of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sugars (Carbohydrates)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Monosaccharides}} -\textgreater{} {\bf{Oligosaccharides}} -\textgreater{} {\bf{Polysaccharides}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}Monosaccharides- (CH2O)n & \textgreater{}glucose, fructose, galactose - typically 5 or 6 carbon sugars, joined by {\bf{glycosidic linkages}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Monosaccharides}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}role of energy generation & \textgreater{}Glucose -\textgreater{} ATP produced \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}synthesis of/conversion to other molecules & \textgreater{}ribose/deoxyribose \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Oligosaccharides}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}Glycosylation- covalently join to proteins and lipids on extracellular cell surface & \textgreater{}glycoproteins, glycolipids, protein structure, cell-cell structure, {\emph{cell-cell adhesion}}, {\emph{cell identification}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Polysaccharides}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}energy storage & \textgreater{}in form of starch (polymer of glucose in plants), and glycogen (animal equivalent of starch, in muscle cells) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}cell structure & \textgreater{}cellulose (cell wall component in plants, glucose=monomer), and chitin (fungi cell wall, monomer=glucose variant) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Amino acids}} -\textgreater{} {\bf{(Oligo)peptides}} (small stretch of a.a.) -\textgreater{} {\bf{Peptides}} (sometimes finished, sometimes unfinished)-\textgreater{} {\bf{Proteins}} (finally folded and funcitonable)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}20 different amino acids (R side chain) & \textgreater{}not identical, but similar (concept of a monomer) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}can be charged at cytosolic pH (in cell) & \textgreater{}amine group functions as base and picks up H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}, carboxylic acid donates H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}a.a. joined by {\bf{peptide bonds}} through dehydration synthesis & \textgreater{}joined at carboxyl and amine group (H of NH2 and OH of COOH) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Protein Structure and Function}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}Functional diversity & \textgreater{}Structural diversity \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{}metabolism, DNA replication, structure and motility, transport, communication} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}