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% Document Info
\author{Aarya12}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-variation-and-inheritence.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Aarya12)
  /Subject (Biology - Variation and Inheritence Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology - Variation and Inheritence Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Aarya12} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/183389/cs/38185/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Aarya12 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/aarya12} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 11th April, 2023.\\
   Updated 11th April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{variation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Variation \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Variation is the differences between individuals of the same species. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Those variations that can be inherited are determined by genes. They are genetic variations. Variations may be brought about by genes, but can also be caused by the environment, or a combination of both genes and the environment.There are variations that are not heritable but determined by factors in the environment. The tan is an acquired characteristic. You cannot inherit a suntan. Black skin, on the other hand is an inherited characteristic.% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Discontinuous Variation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{* Discontinuous variation In discontinuous variation, the variations take the form of distinct, alternative characteristics with no intermediates. Some people can roll their tongue into a tube. Others are unable to do it. They are known as non-tongue rollers. Again, there are no intermediates. Discontinuous variation cannot usually be altered by the environment. You cannot change your eye colour by altering your diet. A genetic dwarf cannot grow taller by eating more food. You cannot learn how to roll your tongue. Discontinuous variation is under the control of genes.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Continuous Variation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{* Continuous variation An example of continuous variation is height. There are no distinct categories of height; people are not either tall or short. There are all possible intermediates between very short and very tall. Continuous variation is influenced by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causes of Variation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Environmental variation : & Inherited Variation : \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
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Variation in the characteristics caused by an organism's surroundings & variation in characteristics caused by and organism's parent \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
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eg : scar by an accident & eg: natural eye and hair colour \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{DNA \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Is the substance found in the nucleus of every cell in an organism.It carries information about how the organism develops and functions moreover DNA causes inherited variation. DNA is also known as the genetic material.% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chromosomes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Chromosomes \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Structure containing a molecule of DNA, which carries genetic information in genes  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
nucleus -{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{} chromosome -{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{} DNA -{}-{}-{}--\textgreater{} Gene \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
One extremely long DNA molecule is folded up together with some proteins to form a structure called a chromosome.% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Certain sections of a DNA molecule in a chromosome contain instructions for a characteristic. These sections are called genes.Genes control and determine the characteristics% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sexual Reproduction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{For sexual Reproduction to occur an organism need to produce gametes ( male gametes - sperm ) ( female gametes - egg). These are specialised cells that only contain half the normal number of cells and their nuclei only contain half the normal number of chromosomes. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 6)
human gametes -{}-{}-{}--\textgreater{} 23 chromosomes \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
total chromosomes -{}-{}-{}--\textgreater{} 46 chromosomes \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Fertilisation  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
A male gamete and a female gamete need to fuse so that their nuclei become on which will cause 23 + 23 = 46 chromosomes. This process is known as fertilization and forms a fertilized egg cell.  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
Fertilization in humans  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
The tip of the sperm cell contains acrosome which is a jelly like substance that allows it to break through the jelly layer and cell membrane of the egg cell.Once the sperm cell has broken through the egg cell the nuclei of the sperm cell and the egg cell fuse.nThe sperm cell and the egg cell nucleus each have half the number of chromosome needed to make a new human . When they fuse the new cell contains a new combination of DNA , half of the mother and half of the father. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 10)
Embryo \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
Small ball of cells that develops from a fertilised gg cell. It becomes attached to the uterus lining and develops into the fetus% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Mitosis is nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells. & meosis is reduction in which chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in cells which are genetically different \tn 
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% Row 1
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it occurs in somatic cells & it occurs in germ cells \tn 
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nucleus divides only one & nucleus divides twice \tn 
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equational division & reduction division \tn 
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two daughter cells are formed & four daughter cells are formed \tn 
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daughter cell from somatic organs & daughter cells form gamete \tn 
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number of chromosome is same in parent cell and daughter cells & number of chromosomes is daughter cell reduce to hald \tn 
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no crossing over in chromosomes & crossing over occurs in chromosome \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
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daughter cells are genetically identical & daughter cells ar egenitically different \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{note :} \tn 
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% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{A haploid nucleus is a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes present , for example : egg and sperm cells} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{A diploid nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes preset , for example : body cells} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Earth's structure and plate movement}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Tectonic Plates  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
The Earth has four main layers - the inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
The inner core is 5,500°C - extremely hot. It is a very dense solid made from iron and nickel. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
The outer core is 2,000 km thick and is a liquid. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
The mantle is semi-molten and about 3,000 km thick. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
The crust is the rocky outer layer. It is thin compared to the other sections, approximately 5 to 70 km thick.  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
The crust is made up of pieces called plates. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
There are two types of crust: oceanic and continental crust.  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
The oceanic crust is found under the sea and is thinner and more dense than the continental crust. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
Plate boundaries: where two or more plates meet.% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plate Movement}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{It is believed that heat from the Earth's core caused convection currents in the mantle and that these currents slowly moved the crust around. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Earthquakes and volcanoes are primarily found at plate boundaries. The plates are like giant rafts that slowly move around. At the boundaries between plates, molten magma is able to force its way to the surface and escape as lava.% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Constructive (divergent) plate boundary:}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Two plates move away from each other. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• When two oceanic plates move away, magma rises to the surface (convention current) and solidifies when it comes in contact with cold ocean water. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
• The magma turns to lava and forms new basaltic ocean crust. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
• They can also form shield or basic volcanoes and have non-explosive eruptions. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
• Small Earthquakes are triggered. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
• If two continental plates move away from each other, a rift valley may form. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
An example of a constructive plate boundary is the mid-Atlantic Ridge.% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Destructive (converging) plate boundary:}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Two plates move towards each other. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• When an oceanic plate and continental plate move towards each other, the denser (oceanic) plate is forced down (subducted) under the lighter(continental) plate. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
• This happens in the subduction zone and an ocean trench is formed. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
• The friction between the plates triggers Earthquakes. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
• The heat produced due to friction turns the descending plate into magma. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
• The magma starts to rise and erupt (due to pressure) through a weakness in the crust as an explosive composite volcano.  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
An example of a destructive plate boundary is where the Nazca plate is forced under the South American Plate. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
• Fold mountains are also formed. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
• The magma that erupts at the surface forms a chain of volcanic islands \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
• If two continental plates move towards each other, the sediments between the two plates are compressed (collision zone) and pushed upwards to form fold mountains.  \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 4)
Eg Himalayas \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
• Earthquakes occur, but no volcanic activity as there's no subduction of oceanic plate.% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conservative plate boundary:}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Two plates slide past each other. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• They move in different speeds. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• The plates get locked together and pressure builds up until it is released as an Earthquake. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
The magnitude (strength) of an Earthquake is measured using a seismometer on the Richter scale.% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fossilization}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of a dead organism. The process by which a fossil \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
is formed is called fossilisation. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
It's very rare for living things to become fossilised. Usually after most animals die their bodies \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
just rot away and nothing is left behind. However, under certain special conditions, a fossil can \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
form. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
After an animal dies, the soft parts of its body decompose leaving the hard parts, like the \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
skeleton, behind. This becomes buried by small particles of rock called sediment. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
As more layers of sediment build up on top, the sediment around the skeleton begins to \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
compact and turn to rock. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
The bones then start to be dissolved by water seeping through the rock. Minerals in the water \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
replace the bone, leaving a rock replica of the original bone called a fossil.% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Reversal}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{At the center of the ridge, hot magma pushes up through the crust and hardens into rock. Once the magma hardens, the alignment of magnetic domains in the rock is frozen in place forever. Magnetic domains are regions in the rocks where all the atoms are lined up and pointing toward Earth's north magnetic pole. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 7)
The newly hardened rock is gradually pushed away from the ridge in both directions as more magma erupts and newer rock forms. The alignment of magnetic domains in this new rock is in the opposite direction, showing that a magnetic reversal has occurred.% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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