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% Document Info
\author{April Magsino (4relmsn)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (genbio-1st-grading.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (April Magsino (4relmsn))
  /Subject (GenBio - 1ST GRADING Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{GenBio - 1ST GRADING Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{April Magsino (4relmsn)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/166795/cs/34917/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}April Magsino (4relmsn) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/4relmsn} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 25th October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{CELL HISTORY}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Cell}} & basic and smallest unit of life \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Robert Hooke}} & discovered cell through a microscope in 1665 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Matthias Jakob Schleiden \& Theodor Schwann}} & developed the cell theory in 1839 \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.8718 cm} x{11.3982 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{CELL}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Parts of a Cell}} & {\bf{Function}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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nucleus & - control center of cell \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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cell membrane & - outer layer and protection of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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nucleolus & - in the nucleus and contains genetic info (RNA) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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nucleoplasm & - liquid inside nucleus (DNA) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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cytoplasm & - liquid that fills the inside of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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golgi bodies & - protein package \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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mitochondria & - powerhouse of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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ribosome & - RNA carrier \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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lysosome & - killing cells \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
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chromosome & - DNA carrier \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
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endoplasmic reticulum & - passageway \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{DNA}} - deocyribonucleic acid \newline {\bf{RNA}} - ribonucleic acid \newline {\bf{Necrosis}} - death of a cell or a body tissue}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MITOSIS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{PHASES}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{1. Interphase }} & a complete cell \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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{\bf{2. Prophase}} & chromosome pairing occurs \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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{\bf{3. Metaphase}} & division of cell \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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{\bf{4. Anaphase}} & in position of cleavage furrow \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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{\bf{5. Telophase}} & two complete cells with identical genomes \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Mitosis}} is the process, in the cell cycle, by which the chromosomes in the cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. \newline  \newline {\bf{Cleavage furrow}} is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{BRAIN}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{LOBES OF THE BRAIN}}}}  \tn
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{\bf{frontal lobe}} & is located in the forward part of the brain, extending back to a fissure known as the central sulcus. The frontal lobe is involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
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{\bf{parietal sensory}} & is located immediately behind the frontal lobe, and is involved in processing information from the body's senses. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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{\bf{temporal lobe}} & is located on the side of the head, and is associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language. \tn 
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% Row 3
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{\bf{occipital lobe}} & is located at the very back of the brain, and contains the primary visual cortex, which is responsible for interpreting incoming visual information. \tn 
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{\bf{Areas 3, 1 \& 2}} & Primary Somatosensory Cortex (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Area 4}} & Primary Motor Cortex \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{Area 17}} & Visual / Primary visual cortex (V1) \tn 
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% Row 3
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{\bf{Area 18}} & Perception / Secondary visual cortex (V2) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Areas 41 and 42}} & Wernicke's Aphasia / Auditory cortex \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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{\bf{Area 44}} & Broca's Aphasia / Pars opercularis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus and part of Broca's area \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that can be seen on the ventral (bottom) surface of the brain. Some of these nerves bring information from the sense organs to the brain; other cranial nerves control muscles; other cranial nerves are connected to glands or internal organs such as the heart and lungs.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LAMINA}}  \tn
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{\bf{I - Olfactory Nerve}} & Smell \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{II - Optic Nerve}} & Vision \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{III - Oculomotor Nerve}} & Eye movement; pupil constriction \tn 
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% Row 3
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{\bf{IV - Trochlear Nerve}} & Eye movement \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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{\bf{V - Trigeminal Nerve}} & Somatosensory information (touch, pain) from the face and head; muscles for chewing. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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{\bf{VI - Abducens Nerve}} & Lateral Rectus \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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{\bf{VII - Facial Nerve}} & Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue); somatosensory information from ear; controls muscles used in facial expression. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 7
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{\bf{VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve}} & Hearing; balance \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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{\bf{IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve}} & Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue); Somatosensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx; controls some muscles used in swallowing. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{X - Vagus Nerve}} & Sensory, motor and autonomic functions of viscera (glands, digestion, heart rate) \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LAMINA (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{XI - Spinal Accessory Nerve}} & Controls muscles used in head movement. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
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{\bf{XII - Hypoglossal Nerve}} & Controls muscles of tongue \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{BRAINSTEM}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The brainstem (middle of brain) connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PARTS OF A BRAINSTEM}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Midbrain}} & facilitate various functions, from hearing and movement to calculating responses and environmental changes. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Pons}} & enable a range of activities such as tear production, chewing, blinking, focusing vision, balance, hearing and facial expression. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Medulla Oblongata}} & the medulla regulate many bodily activities, including heart rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. the medulla produces reflexive activities such as sneezing, vomiting, coughing and swallowing. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SPINAL CORD}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Main Parts of Spine}} \newline Cervical Spine - Neck \newline Thoracic Spine - Mid Back \newline Lumbar Spine - Low Back \newline Sacral / Sacrum  \newline Coccyx}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIGESTIVE SYSTEM}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Mouth}} & Mechanical is breaking foods into pieces such as chewing, squeezing, and mixing. Chemical is where digestive juices, such as stomach acid, bile, and enzymes are involved. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Esophagus}} & After you swallow, peristalsis pushes the food down your esophagus into your stomach. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Stomach}} & After food enters your stomach, the stomach muscles mix the food and liquid with digestive juices. The stomach slowly empties its contents, called chyme, into your small intestine. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Small intestine}} & The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 10)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Large Intestine}} & Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.5264 cm} x{11.7436 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Rectum and Anus}} & The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until it pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Peristalsis}} is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. It starts in the esophagus where strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle move balls of swallowed food to the stomach.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANT DEVELOPMENT}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Is a continuous process starting with embryogenesis and the formation of the primary plant body (embryonic root and embryonic shoot) and continuing post germination with the regular production of new organs (roots, leaves, branches, and flowers).% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Plant Growth}} - increasing of plant volume or mass without formation or new structures (e.g. organs, tissues, cells, etc.)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LIFE CYCLE OF A SUNFLOWER}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{PHASES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Seeds}} & the seeds are planted in the ground or they fall from the seed head and settle \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Germination}} & hard shell softens and splits, roots grow downwards and shoots grow upwards \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Seedling}} & after about a week, leaves start to grow and then so on \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Young Plant }} & buds form and unfolds into petals \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Adult Plant }} & flower blooms \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Seeds Fall }} & the dead plant's seeds dries up and the cycle repeats \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LIFE CYCLE OF A TOMATO}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/4relmsn_1666708937_Picture1.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.3175 cm} x{12.9525 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PARTS OF A SEED}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Epicotyl}} & region of an embryo or seedling stem \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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{\bf{Radicle}} & develops into the primary root \tn 
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{\bf{Testa}} & the seed coat / protective layer \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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{\bf{Cotyledon}} & an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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{\bf{Micropyle}} & a small opening in the surface of an ovule \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANT REPRODUCTION}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sexual Reproduction}} & requires genetic material from two parents / combination of gametes for fertilization to produce offspring \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{flowering plants}} reproduce through {\bf{pollination}} / can either self-pollinate or cross-pollinate \tn 
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{\bf{Asexual Reproduction}} & requires DNA from one parent / identical offspring are called clones \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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 & two methods are {\bf{vegetation propagation}} and {\bf{fragmentation}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Cross-pollination}} happens when the wind or animals move pollen from one plant to fertilize the ovules on a different plant. The advantage of cross-pollination is that it promotes genetic diversity. Some plants have features that {\bf{prevent self-pollination}}, such as pollen and ovules that develop at different times.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FLOWER STRUCTURE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/4relmsn_1666710106_Parts-of-a-Flower-Diagram.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The flowers contain male sex organs called {\bf{stamens}} and female sex organs called {\bf{pistils}}. The {\bf{anther}} is the part of the stamen that contains pollen. This pollen needs to be moved to a part of the pistil called the {\bf{stigma}}.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.181 cm} x{12.089 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT}}  \tn
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{\bf{Cleaving}} & fertilized egg undergoes mitosis or cell multiplication / forms {\emph{Morula}}, a ball consists of clustered cells / forms a {\emph{Blastula}} — hollow cell sphere of blastomeres. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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{\bf{Gastrulation}} & an early multicellular embryo composed of germinal layers, that subsequently formed after the blastula \tn 
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 & {\bf{Germinal Layers}} : Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm \tn 
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{\bf{Organogenesis}} & starts at the end of the process of gastrulation / the formation of organs and organ systems that continues until birth \tn 
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 & {\bf{Ectoderm:}} Nervous System - Eye Lenses  - Mouth (Including Teeth) - Sense Organs  - Skin \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
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 & {\bf{Mesoderm:}} Circulatory System - Bone Marrow - Bone - Sex Organs - Body Cavity \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
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 & {\bf{Endoderm:}} Respiratory System - Gastrointestinal Tract  (Except mouth and anus) - Thyroid Glands - Parathyroid Glands - Pharynx \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Sequence of Animal Development: Cleaving -\textgreater{} Gastrulation -\textgreater{} Organogenesis}  \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REGULATION OF BODILY FLUIDS}}  \tn
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{\bf{Homeostasis }} & from greek word "Homoios" means like or similar, and from the latin word "stasis" means standing state \tn 
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% Row 1
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 & any process of bodily regulation that maintains an internal stable state \tn 
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 & includes bodily temperature,  blood calcium levels, and level of blood glucose \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
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{\bf{Osmoregulation}} & {\bf{Osmoconformers}} - internal osmolarity is {\emph{the same}} with it's external environment \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 4
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 & {\bf{Osmoregulators}} - internal osmolarity is {\emph{constantly regulated}} regardless of the osmolarity within the environment. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ Osmoregulation on Homeostasis}} & {\bf{Osmosis}} - movement of water to solute materials in the body through a semipermeable membrane \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 6
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 & {\bf{Osmolarity}} - concentration of solutes into water. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REGULATION OF BODILY FLUIDS (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Kidney}} & regulates the concentration of water and minerals in the body \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Sequence: Homeostasis -\textgreater{} Osmuregulation}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ANIMAL REPRODUCTION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sexual Reproduction}} & requires genetic material from two parents / combination of gametes for fertilization to produce offspring \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Internal Fertilization}} occurs inside the female organism's body / oviparity - eggs / ovoviviparity - eggs laid before hatch / viviparity - like mammals \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
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 & {\bf{External Fertilization}} occurs apart from the female organism's body \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
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{\bf{Asexual Reproduction}} & requires one living organism to reproduce / offspring genetically identical \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Bianary Fission}} - organism duplicates its genetic material nd then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 5
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 & {\bf{Budding}} - producing an individual through the buds that develop on the parent body \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ANIMAL REPRODUCTION (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Fragmentation}} - parent body divides into several fragments and each fragment develops into a new organism \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Regeneration}} - growing a new organism from the lost body part \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RESPIRATORY SYSTEM}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/4relmsn_1666713119_5293860_orig.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The Respiration begins when oxygen enters into our body through the nose and the mouth. The oxygen then travels through the trachea and pharynx where the trachea divides into two bronchi. Here, the bronchi are divided into bronchial tubes, in the chest cavity, so air can be directly moved into the lungs.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RESPIRATORY SYSTEM}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Alveoli:}} They are like tiny grape-like sacs at the end of the tree of respiratory system and  average adult has about 600 million alveoli. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases occurs at the alveolar level.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Diaphragm:}} This is a primary muscle used in the process of inhalation, and exhalation. It is a dome shaped piece of muscle located in the lower ribs. Flattens when inhale, stretches and relaxes during exhale.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Adults breathe 12 to 20 times per minute. Average of 45 when exercising or doing an strenuous activity.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IMMUNE SYSTEM}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- protects body from germs; bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{White Blood Cells}} known as {\emph{leukocytes}} that protects the body from infections, injury, and illness.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Antibodies}} known as {\emph{immunogoblin}} are proteins that protects your body from unwanted substances.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COMPLEMENT SYSTEM}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- interacting proteins are produced by the liver and activates when the system receives a signal} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Carbohydrates}} turns into sugars that goes into the blood} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Pancreas}} releases insulin that acts as a bridge for the sugar to go into the cell and use it for energy.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Type 1 Diabetes}} - body stops making insulin} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Type 2 Diabetes}} - both body not making insulin and cells having insulin resistance} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Prediabetes}} - blood sugar abaove typical but not enough to be diagnosed as diabetes} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Gestational Diabetes}} - develops in second or third trimester of pregnancy} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{With diabetes, your body doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it as well as it should. When there isn't enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}