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% Document Info
\author{24liqinhan}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (unit-5-heredity.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (24liqinhan)
  /Subject (Unit 5 Heredity Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Unit 5 Heredity Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{24liqinhan} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/184795/cs/38628/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}24liqinhan \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/24liqinhan} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 9th December, 2023.\\
   Updated 10th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Haploids vs. Diploids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Diploid cell}} & 2n, two sets of chromosomes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Haploid Cell}} & n, one set of chromosome \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{homologous chromosomes}} & duplicate versions of each chromosome, essence of sexual reproduction: each parent donates half its chromosomes to its offspring. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Gametes}} & {\emph{*sex cells}} are haploid cells. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Genetics}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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{\bf{Traits}} & The position of a gene on a chromosome is called a {\bf{locus}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 6
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Diploid organisms & {\bf{alleles}}: two gene copies  may be different from one another. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 7
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{\bf{Homozygous}}: two identical alleles for a given trait & {\bf{Heterozygous}}: two different alleles for a given trait \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Non Mendelian Genetics}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Linked Genes}} & when genes on the same chromosome stay together during assortment and move as a group. (ex: flower color and pollen shape show up together) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Haploids vs. Diploids (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
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 & cannot segregate independently, violating Law of Independent Assortment. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 11
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 & in the unlinked, there are four (TG, Tg, tG, tg), in the linked, there are only two (Tg and tG). \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 12
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 & If a crossover event occurs between linked genes, then recombinant gametes can occur, however, it's unlikely to occur. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 13
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 & if certain combinations of alleles are found more often in offspring than they should, probably the two genes are close together and linked. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 14
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{\bf{Recombinants}} & offspring formed from recombination events \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{frequency of crossing-over between any two linked alleles is proportional to the distance between them, he farther apart two linked alleles are on a chromosome.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sex-linked/X-linked}} traits & Some traits, such as {\bf{color blindness and hemophilia}}, are carried on sex chromosomes. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Haploids vs. Diploids (cont)}}  \tn
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 & most are found on the X chromosome \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A female with one color blind-X is called a {\bf{carrier}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Barr Body}} & X chromosome that is condensed and visible. In every female cell, one X chromosome is activated and the other X chromosome is deactivated during embryonic development. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Incomplete dominance (blending inheritance}} & Traits are blend. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Codominance}} & equal expression of both alleles. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 22
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{\bf{Polygenic inheritance}} & a trait results from the interaction of many genes (height, skin color, weight) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 23
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{\bf{Non-nuclear inheritance}} & genetic material not from nucleus, but from mitochondria or chloroplast. mitochondrial inheritance is always through the maternal(female) line, not the male line. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Haploids vs. Diploids (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Pedigrees}} & Traits that skip generations are usually recessive. Traits that appear more in one sex than the other are usually sex-linked. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
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{\bf{Phenotypic plasticity}} & two individuals with the same genotype have different phenotypes because they are in different environments \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{production of gametes, only sex cells, female gamete (n) + male gamete (n) = zygote (2n)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{more variations in a population, more likely survive extreme changes in the environment.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Meiosis is far more likely to produce these sorts of variations than is mitosis} \tn 
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{\bf{Interphase}} & same as miosis \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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{\bf{Meiosis I}} & the homologous chromosome pairs separate \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Prophase I}} & {\bf{synapsis}}: two sets of chromosomes that come together to form a {\bf{tetrad}}, then {\bf{crossing over}}(exchange of segments) - genetic variaion \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Metaphase I}} & line up. the alignment during metaphase is random, so the copy of each chromosome that ends up in a daughter cell is random. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 7
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{\bf{Anaphase I}} & moves to opposite poles. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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{\bf{Telophase I}} & nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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{\bf{Meiosis II}} & to separate sister chromatids, same as mitosis \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Meiotic Errors}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 11
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{\bf{nondisjunctions}} & chromosomes failed to separate properly during meiosis. can occur in anaphase I (meaning chromosomes don't separate when they should), or in anaphase II (meaning chromatids don't separate). \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
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{\bf{translocation}} & occurs when a segment of a chromosome moves to another nonhomologous chromosome. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}