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\author{24liqinhan}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (unit-3-cellular-genetics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (24liqinhan)
  /Subject (Unit 3 Cellular Genetics Cheat Sheet)
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Unit 3 Cellular Genetics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{24liqinhan} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/184795/cs/38603/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}24liqinhan \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/24liqinhan} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 10th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellular Energy}}  \tn
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Potential Energy & stored energy \tn 
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chemical energy & energy stored in chemical bonds, more bonds, greater potential energy \tn 
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Kinetic Energy & moves \tn 
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heat & thermal energy is transfered from one object to another \tn 
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light & another form of energy \tn 
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first law of thermodynamics/law f conservation & energy cannot be destroyed or created \tn 
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{\bf{exergonic/exothermic}} & energy is released during the chemical reaction, ΔG is \textless{} 0 (negative), reaction is spontaneous. \tn 
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{\bf{endergonic/endothermic}} & energy is absorbed during chemical reaction, ΔG is \textgreater{} 0 (positive) \tn 
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complex cellular reactions & exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions are coupled. \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{inhibition of enzymatic reactions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Enzymes that have already been produced are regulated by competitive or noncompetitive inhibition} \tn 
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{\bf{competitive inhibition}} & compeitive inhibitors, by preventing or limiting the substrate from binding to the enzyme. \tn 
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{\bf{Noncompetive \seqsplit{Inhibition/allosteric} regulators}} & binding of the inhibitor to the alternative site, changing the shape of the enzye, inhibiting the enzyme from catalyzing substrate into product. {\bf{Feedback inhibition}}: the end product of the pathway is the allosteric inhibitor for an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway. (graph) \tn 
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% Row 3
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{\bf{Cooperativity}} & type of allosteric activation, cause the enzyme to atbilize in active form, amplifying response of the enzyme. (graph) \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photosynthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{light energy is converted to chemical bond energy, and carbon is fixed into organic compounds.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{6⁢CO2+12⁢H2O→lightC6⁢H12⁢O6+6⁢H2+6⁢O2}} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Photosynthesis is a reduction reaction because CO2 gains hydrogen from water.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{two main processes of photosynthesis: the {\bf{light-dependent}} and the {\bf{light-independent}} reactions.} \tn 
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{\bf{light dependent}} reaction & use light energy directly to produce ATP. \tn 
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{\bf{Light Independent}} reaction & consist of the Calvin cycle, use ATP formed by light reactions to produces sugar. \tn 
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{\bf{Photosynthetic pigments}} & chlorophylls and carotenoids. {\bf{Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b}} are green and absorb all wavelengths of light in the red, blue, and violet ranges. The {\bf{carotenoids}} are yellow, orange, and red. They absorb light in the blue, green, and violet ranges. Different types of chlorophyll give a plant greater flexibility to exploit light as an energy source. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photosynthesis (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Chlorophyll a}} : participates directly in the light reactions of photosynthesis; head surrounded by alternating double and single bonds, attached to a long hydrocarbon tail. (graph) The double bonds within the head. They are the source of the electrons that flow through the electron transport chains during photosynthesis. \tn 
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{\bf{Chloroplast}} & enclosed by double membrane. contains {\bf{grana}} (light- dependent reactions occur), and {\bf{stroma}} (light-independent  reactions occur). grana consist of layers of membranes called {\bf{thylakoids}}, the site of photosystems I and II. \tn 
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 & contains photosynthetic pigments that, along with  enzymes, carry out photosynthesis. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photosynthesis (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Photosystems}} & few hundred photosystems in each thylakoid. \tn 
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 & consists of a {\bf{reaction center}} containing chlorophyll a and a region containing several hundred antenna pigment molecules that funnel energy into chlorophyll a. \tn 
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 & {\bf{PS II}}(P680) operates first, followed by {\bf{PS I}}(P700). \tn 
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{\bf{Light dependent reactions}} & electron flow \tn 
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{\bf{Noncyclic Photophosphorylation}} & electrons enter two electron transport chains. The products are ATP and NADPH. \tn 
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 & 1. light energy absorbed by {\bf{PHOTOSYSTEM II—P680}}.  electrons captured by {\bf{primary electron acceptor}}. \tn 
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 & 2. {\bf{Photolysis}}: splitting of water. It provides electrons, H2O → 2H+ + 2e − + O2 ↑(waste product) \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photosynthesis (cont)}}  \tn
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 & 3. {\bf{ETC}}: This flow of electrons is exergonic and provides energy to produce ATP by chemiosmosis, {\bf{photophosphorylation}}. \tn 
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% Row 18
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 & 4. {\bf{Chemiomosis}}: {\bf{ATP synthase channels}}, provides energy for calvin cycle later. \tn 
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 & 5. {\bf{NADP}}: reduced, formed NADPH carries hydrogen to the Calvin cycle to make sugar in the light-independent reactions. \tn 
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 & 6. Photosystem I - P700**: Energy is absorbed by P700, this ETC produces NADPH, not ATP. \tn 
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{\bf{Cyclic Photophosphorylation}} & only produce ATP (bc calvin cycle later comsumes a lot) \tn 
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{\bf{Light Independent - Calvin Cycle}} & CO2 enters, then produces the 3-carbon {\bf{sugar PGAL}} \tn 
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 & occurs only in the light. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photosynthesis (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{photorespiration}} & Unlike normal respiration, no ATP is produced. Unlike normal photosynthesis, no sugar is formed. {\bf{peroxisomes}} break down the products of photorespiration. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metabolism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{sum of all chemical reactions} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{catabolism}}: break down molecules} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{anabolism}}: build up molecules} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzyme-controlled reactions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{enzyme serve as catalytic proteins that speed up reactions by lowering the {\bf{energy of activation}}, EA  (the amount of energy needed to begin a reaction).} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The {\bf{transition state}} is the reactive (unstable) condition of the substrate after sufficient energy has been absorbed to initiate the reaction.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Endergonic vs. Exergonic (graph)} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzyme Characteristics}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- enzymes: {\bf{globular proteins, teritary structure}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- substrate specific} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{induced-fit model}} (change confrontaton)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{enzyme substrate complex}}} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- are not destroyed during a reaction, but reused.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- are named after their substrate,  ends in the suffix "ase." (ex: lactase for lactose, sucrase for sucrose)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- catalyze reactions in both reactions} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- require assistance from {\bf{cofactors}} (inorganic) or {\bf{coenzymes}} (vitamins)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- will not catalyze a reaction that would not occur otherwise.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- effciency is affected by temperature and PH. favor low temperature and low PH} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell respiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{cells extract energy stored in food and transfer that energy to molecules of ATP.} \tn 
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{\bf{anaerobic respiration}}(no oxygen( & glycolyisis + alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation. \tn 
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{\bf{Aerobic respiration}} (oxygen) & Glycolysis + Krebs cycle + electron transport chain + oxidative phosphorylation \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{reduction}}: gain of electrons (e – ) or hydrogen (H+  ), while {\bf{oxidation}} is the loss of electrons or protons. In any {\bf{redox reaction}}, one substance is reduced while the other is oxidized.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{As hydrogen (with its electron) is transferred from glucose to oxygen, it is moving from a higher energy level to a lower one, releasing energy in stages. This free energy powers the synthesis of ATP.} \tn 
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{\bf{ATP}} & adenosine (the nucleotide adenine plus ribose) plus three phosphates. \tn 
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substrate level phosphorylation & direct enzymatic transfer of phosphate to ADP. \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{When one phosphate group is removed from ATP by hydrolysis, a more stable molecule, ADP results, releasing energy} \tn 
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{\bf{Glycolysis}} (graph) & 2 ATP + 1 Glucose (6 carbon) → 2 Pyruvate (3 carbon) + 4 ATP,  produce 2 ATP; occurs in cytoplasm, releases ATP without using oxygen. The end product, pyruvate, is the raw material for the Krebs cycle, the next step in aerobic respiration. Without glycolysis to yield pyruvate, aerobic respiration could not occur; ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation—by direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP; If ATP is enough, it uses allosteric inhbition (inhibits PFK by althering the confrontation of the enzyme, thus stopping glycolysis), if ATP is less (as more cell activities uses), less less ATP is available to inhibit PFK and glycolysis continues, ultimately to produce more ATP. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell respiration (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Mitochondrion}}(graph)* & Double membrane; outer membrane is smooth, but the inner or {\bf{cristae membrane}} is folded. Inner membrane has two: {\bf{outer compartment}} and {\bf{matrix}}. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Aerobic respiration}} :glycolysis(anaerobic) + Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic).} \tn 
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{\bf{Krebs Cycle}} & in {\bf{matrix of mitochondria}}, requires pyruvate (product of glycolysis), completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2, turn twice, generates 1 ATP per turn, the remainder of the chemical energy is transferred to NAD+ and FAD, then the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2  , shuttle high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain in the cristae membrane. \tn 
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% Row 12
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 & coenzyme A (a vitamin) to form {\bf{acetyl-CoA}}, which does enter the Krebs cycle. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA produces {\bf{2 NADH}}, 1 NADH for each pyruvate. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell respiration (cont)}}  \tn
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 & Each turn of the Krebs cycle releases {\bf{3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH}}, and the waste product {\bf{CO2}}, two turns total \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{NAD+ and FAD}}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{coenzymes}} that carry protons or electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain. \tn 
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 & NAD/FAD facilitates the transfer of hydrogen atoms from a substrate to its coenzyme NAD+. \tn 
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 & Without NAD+  to accept protons and electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, both processes would cease and the cell would die. \tn 
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 & NAD+ is the oxidized form. NADre or NADH is the reduced form. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{electron transport chain (ETC)}} (graph)} \tn 
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 & {\bf{proton pump}} in {\bf{cristae membrane}} of the mitochondrion. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell respiration (cont)}}  \tn
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 & thousands ETC due to the extensive folding of the cristae membrane. \tn 
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 & {\bf{final electron acceptor}}, through a series of {\bf{redox reactions}}. \tn 
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 & highly {\bf{electronegative}} oxygen pulls electrons through the electron transport chain. \tn 
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 & NADH provides more energy for  ATP synthesis than does FADH2  . \tn 
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% Row 25
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 & {\bf{cytochromes}} used to trace evolutionary relationships. \tn 
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 & {\bf{coenzyme Q}}, {\bf{mobile electron carrier}}, diffuses within and along the membrane. If the cristae membrane were not fluid, Q could not move through it, and the ETC could not operate. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Exergonic reactions are coupled with endergonic ones.}} The exergonic flow of electrons toward the highly electronegative oxygen provides the energy for the endergonic pumping of protons. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell respiration (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{oxidative phosphorylation/chemiomosis}} (graph)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 29
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 & {\bf{proton (H+ ) gradient}} from NADH and FADH2 to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP (ADP + P → ATP). \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 30
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 & Protons are pumped from the {\bf{matrix}} to the {\bf{outer compartment}}, against a gradient, by the electron transport chain. \tn 
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% Row 31
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 & As protons flow down through the {\bf{ATP synthase channel}}s, they generate energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. \tn 
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% Row 32
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 & {\bf{Oxygen}} is the {\bf{final hydrogen acceptor}}, combining and forming {\bf{water}}, which is the waste product of cell respiration \tn 
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% Row 33
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Summary of ATP production & Substrate level phosphorylation + Oxidative phosphorylation \tn 
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% Row 34
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Glucose → NADre and FADre → electron transport chain →  chemiosmosis → ATP}}} \tn 
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% Row 35
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The {\bf{catabolism (breakdown) of glucose}} under aerobic conditions occurs in three sequential pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell respiration (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Anaerobic respiration - fermentation}} (glycolysis + alcohol/lactic acid fermentation)} \tn 
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% Row 37
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2 types of anaerobes & {\bf{Facultative}}: tolerate the presence of oxygen, {\bf{Obligate}}: cannot live in an environment containing oxygen. \tn 
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% Row 38
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{When there is an adequate supply of NAD+  to accept electrons during glycolysis, fermentation can generate ATP. Without some mechanism to convert NADH back to NAD+ , glycolysis would shut down.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 39
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{\bf{Alcohol Fermentation}} & convert pyruvate from glycolysis into {\bf{ethyl alcohol}} and {\bf{carbon dioxide}}, oxidize NADH back to NAD+. (ex: bread baking to rise) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 40
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{\bf{Lactic Acid Fermentation}} & pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to form {\bf{lactic acid or lactate}}, NADH gets oxidized back to NAD+. (ex: yogurt and cheese) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 41
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 & Ex: {\bf{Human skeletal muscles}}, when the blood cannot supply adequate oxygen to muscles during strenuous exercise. Lactic acid in the muscle causes fatigue and burning. The, continues to build up until the blood can supply the muscles with adequate oxygen to repay the oxygen debts. \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}