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\author{24liqinhan}
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  /Title (unit-2-cell-structure.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (24liqinhan)
  /Subject (Unit 2 Cell structure Cheat Sheet)
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Unit 2 Cell structure Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{24liqinhan} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/184795/cs/38592/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}24liqinhan \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/24liqinhan} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 9th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{plasma membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{selectively permeable, fluid mosaic model.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{amphipathic: both hydrophobic and hydrophilic} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nonpolar molecules, such as hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, are hydrophobic, so dissolve/cross in the lipid bilayer without membrane proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{proteins in plasma membrane functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-to-cell recognition, cell-to-cell attachments, ATTACHMENT TO THE CYTOSKELETON AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX:} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive vs. Active Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Passive Transport}}: requires no energy, high to low} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ex: diffusion and osmosis} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Osmosis}}: diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{simple diffusion}}: no protein channel, nonpolar molecules, water; ex "countercurrent exchange" to maximaize the rate of simple diffusion} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Facilitated diffusion}}: a hydrophilic protein channel to speed up, water, ions, polar molecules} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hypertonic}}: more solute, less solvent} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hypotonic}}: less solute, mor solvent} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Isotonic}}: two solutions containing equal concentration of solutes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{water potential}}: the addition of solute lowers water potential} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Water diffuses {\bf{toward the hypertonic}} area (higher solute). Solutes diffuse to more hypotonic} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Aquaporins}}: large quantities of water move via aquaporins, special water channel proteins that facilitate diffusion, function as gated channels (open and close)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Active Transport}}: requires energy (ATP), ions, polar molecules} \tn 
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% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Pumps or carriers carry particles across the membrane by active transport. Ions (charged particles) such as potassium and sodium can cross cell membranes only through certain proteins embedded in the membrane.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a. {\bf{sodium-potassium pump}}: pumping two  K+ ions for every three Na + ions.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive vs. Active Transport (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{b. {\bf{Proton pumps}}: H+} \tn 
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% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{c. {\bf{Cotransport}}: sucrose in plants against a gradient in the company of protons.} \tn 
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% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Contractile Vacuole: pumps out excess water} \tn 
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% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. {\bf{Exocytosis}}: release/secrete macromolecules, vesticles containing macromolecules within the cell fuse with plasma membrane, releasing contents into external environement.} \tn 
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% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. {\bf{Endocytosis}}: takes in macromolecules, engulfing to form an intracellular vesicle.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a) {\bf{Phagocytosis}}: engulfing into a vacuole.} \tn 
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% Row 20
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{b) {\bf{Receptor mediated endocytosis}}: ligand binds to receptor, into a coated vesicle. ex: Cholesterol} \tn 
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% Row 21
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Bulk flow}} movement is always from source (where it originates) to sink (where it is used).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Osmolarity}}: total solute concentration in a solution} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Osmoregulation mainatains water balance and allows organisms to control their internal solute composition} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Membrane Receptors (first messenger)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Ion Channel receptors}} & open and shut a gate in a membrane, allowing an influx of ions, such as Na + , K+ ,  Ca 2+ , or Cl – ions. \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)}} & ligand binds, changes conformation, activates G protein, bonds to GTP, activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, convert ATP to cAMP \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)}} & enzymatic activity, catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine. After binding, the individual units aggregate and activate the tyrosine kinase region, which bonds to ATP.. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 11)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intracellular Receptor}}  \tn
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intracellular recpetor & hydrophobic, non polar: steroids, thyroid hormones, and NO, nitric oxide, a gas \tn 
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% Row 1
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Transduction & Signal transduction pathway, a cascade effect, advantage is more opportunities to amplify the signal greatly. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Response} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1}}. They are characterized by a signal, a transduction, and a response. {\bf{2}}. They are highly specific and regulated. {\bf{3}}. One signal molecule can cause a cascade effect, releasing thousands of molecules inside a cell. {\bf{4}}. They regulate cellular activity, altering gene expression, protein activity, or protein synthesis. {\bf{5}}.These pathways evolved millions of years ago in a common ancestor.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Apoptosis - programme cell death}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. During {\bf{embryonic development}}, when cells or tissues are no longer needed, they die and are engulfed by neighboring cells.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. too much {\bf{genetic damage}} that could lead to cancer.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. {\bf{defense}} against infection by fungus and bacterium. dying so no living tissue to spread infection inside the plant.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. In mammals, including humans, several different pathways involving enzymes called {\bf{caspases}} carry out apoptosis.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/24liqinhan_1683510998_Screenshot (13).png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive and Active Transport}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/24liqinhan_1683513057_passive-and-active-transport.jpg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic solution}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/24liqinhan_1683514277_hyperhypotonic.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cell communication}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Quorom Sensing & bacteria to monitor their population density to control gene expression. ex: bioluminescence \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Direct Contact & {\bf{gap junctions}} permit the passage of materials directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell. ex: Plasmodesmata \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Local Signaling & {\bf{paracrine signaling}}: short distance, one layer induces a nearby layer. {\bf{Synaptic Signaling}}:nerve cell releases neurotransmitters. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Long Distance Signaling & Plant use {\bf{hormones}} for long-distance signaling. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Three stages of Cell signaling}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ion Channel Receptor}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{G protein coupled receptor}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RTKS}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Origins of Cell Compartmentalization}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Theory of {\bf{endosymbiosis}}: a previously free-living prokaryotes (bacteria) was engulfed by another cell through endocytosis. After living together symbiotically for some tme, the once free-living prokaryote lost its independent functionality and gave rise to either the mitochondria or the chloroplasts.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Evidence supporting the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts via endosymbiosis includes the presense of double membranes, circular DNA, and ribosomes in both organelles.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}