\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{0llieC (0llieC)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (a-level-physics-key-terms.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (0llieC (0llieC))
  /Subject (A-Level Physics Key Terms Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{4A148C}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F3F0F7}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{A-Level Physics Key Terms Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{0llieC (0llieC)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/38321/cs/11952/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}0llieC (0llieC) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/0lliec} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 3rd June, 2017.\\
   Updated 3rd June, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Scalar & {\bf{A quantity without direction.}} \{\{nl\}\} Length/Distance, Speed, Mass, Temperature, Time, Energy \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Vector & {\bf{A quantity with both direction and magnitude}} \{\{nl\}\} Displacement, Velocity, Force (inc. Weight), Acceleration, Momentum \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Equilibrium & When all forces acting on an object are balanced and cancel each other out. \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} There is no resultant force \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Free-body Diagram & A diagram of all the forces acting on a body, but not the forces it exerts on other things. The arrows indicate magnitude and direction. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Principle of Moments & For a body to be in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments equals the sum of the anticlockwise moments. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Moment & The product of the size of the force and the perpendicular distance between the turning point and the line of action of the force. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Couple & A pair of forces with equal size which act parallel to each other but in opposite direction. E.g. turning a car's steering wheel. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Centre of Mass & The single point from which the body's weight acts through. The object will always balance around this point. \{\{nl\}\} To calculate for uniform objects: Σmx = Mx̄ \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
SUVAT (Constant Acceleration) & v    = u + at \{\{nl\}\}s    = 1/2 (u+v)t\{\{nl\}\}v\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} = u\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} + 2as\{\{nl\}\}s = ut + 1/2 at\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}\{\{nl\}\}s    = vt - 1/2 at\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Displacement-Time} Graph & Displacement (y) against Time (x). \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Gradient = Velocity \{\{nl\}\} Acceleration = Δgradient}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Velocity-Time Graph & Velocity (y) against Time (x) \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Gradient = Acceleration \{\{nl\}\} ΔGradient = ΔAcceleration \{\{nl\}\} Area = Displacement }} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Variable Acceleration & \{\{ac\}\} \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\}{\bf{Differentiate}}\{\{fa-arrow-down\}\}\{\{nl\}\} x \{\{nl\}\} v \{\{nl\}\} a \{\{nl\}\} Δa \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}{\bf{Integrate}}\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Acceleration-Time} Graph & Acceleration (y) against Time (x). \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Gradient = ΔAcceleration}} \{\{nl\}\} 0 Gradient = No acceleration \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} constant velocity. \{\{nl\}\} Constant Gradient = constant acceleration \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Area = Velocity }} \{\{nl\}\} NB: Remember to treat area below the time axis as negative! \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 13)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Newtons 1st Law & The velocity of an object will not change unless a resultant force acts on it. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Newtons 2nd Law & {\bf{F = ma}} \{\{nl\}\} The acceleration of an object is ∝ to the resultant force acting upon it. (for objects with a constant mass) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Points to remember:}} \{\{nl\}\} • Resultant Force is vector sum of all the forces \{\{nl\}\} • Unit = N \{\{nl\}\} • Ensure mass is in kg \{\{nl\}\} • Acceleration is in the same direction as resultant force. \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Newtons 3rd Law & If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal but opposite force on object A \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Freefall & When there is only gravity acting upon an object. i.e. motion with an acceleration of g (9.81ms\textasciicircum{}-2\textasciicircum{}) \{\{nl\}\} The same SUVAT equations apply, however, {\bf{u = 0}} and {\bf{a = g}} \{\{ng\}\} NB: 'direction' of motion, dictates the sign of g \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 10)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Projectile Motion & An object given an initial velocity, then left to move freely under g. There is separate horizontal and vertical motion with time being the only common attribute. Both motion follows SUVAT equations but horizontal motion has no acceleration. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
Friction & Force that opposes motion. When in a fluid (liquid or gas) it is drag, drag depends on: \{\{nl\}\} • Viscosity of the fluid \{\{nl\}\} • Speed of object \{\{nl\}\} • Shape of the object \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{For all frictional forces}} \{\{nl\}\} • Force is in the opposite direction to motion \{\{nl\}\}• Can never increase speed or induce motion\{\{nl\}\}• They convert kinetic energy \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} heat. \tn 
% Row Count 44 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lift & Upwards force on a object in a fluid \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
Terminal Speed & When frictional forces equal the driving force. For a falling object, when drag equals the force due to their mass. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Momentum & The product of the mass and velocity of an object. Momentum in {\bf{any}} collision is conserved (when no external forces are involved) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
Inelastic Collision & Not all of the kinetic energy is conserved. Momentum however {\bf{is}} conserved. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Elastic Collision & Kinetic energy is conserved i.e. no energy is dissipated as heat or other energy forms. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
Impulse & An extension of N2L. Impulse is the product of force and time and is equal to the momentum of that body. \{\{nl\}\} FΔt = Δ(mv) \{\{nl\}\} Also equal to the area under a force-time graph. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Work Done & The energy transferred from one form to another. \{\{nl\}\} W = Fd \{\{nl\}\} Work Done = The force causing motion x distance moved \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Power & The rate of work done over time \{\{nl\}\} P = ΔW/Δt \{\{nl\}\} P = Fv \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} derived from combining P and W = Fs \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Force-Displacement} Graph & Area = Work Done \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Conservation of Energy & Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another, but the total energy of a closed system will not change. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
Efficiency & useful output/input in terms of energy or power. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Materials}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Density & ρ = m/V \{\{nl\}\} A property all materials have and is independent of both shape and size. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Limit of \seqsplit{Proportionality} & The point where Hooke's law no longer applies. On a force-extension graph, the limit of proportionality is where the line is no longer straight \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hooke's Law & F = kΔL \{\{nl\}\} The force is proportional to the extension of a stretched wire. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{k is the stiffness constant}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} a measure of how hard it is to stretch \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Elastic Limit & The point on a force-extension graph where the line begins to curve. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs where the wire will no longer return to its original shape. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Force-Extension} Graph & Straight section \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Gradient = k \{\{nl\}\} Loading and unloading plot a loop, if a stretch is elastic, the curve starts and finishes in the same position (the origin). If plastic deformation occurs, the unloading line has the same gradient (k) but crosses the x axis at a different point\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} Area = Elastic Strain Energy \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} The area between the loading and unloading line (after plastic deformation) is equal to the work done in deforming the material \tn 
% Row Count 47 (+ 21)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Materials (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Tensile Stress & The ratio of forced applied and cross-sectional area. \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{stress}} = F/A \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
Tensile Strain & The ratio of extension to original length, it has no units and is just a ratio. \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{strain}} = ΔL/L \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Youngs Modulus & The ratio of tensile stress and tensile strain \{\{nl\}\} E = FL/AΔL \{\{nl\}\} The YM of a material is the constant value up to the limit of proportionality, \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Stress-Strain Graph & Stress (y) against Strain (x). \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Gradient = Young's Modulus}} \{\{nl\}\} Area = strain energy per unit volume \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Yield Point & The point on a stress-strain graph where the material stretches without any extra load. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
Brittleness & When a material breaks after a certain about of force is applied. The line simply stops on a stress-strain graph. The same thing applies on a force-extension graph, the line just stops. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thermal Physics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Kelvin & A temperature scale that is in terms of an atoms movements. \{\{nl\}\} °C \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} K \{\{nl\}\} + 273 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Absolute Zero & The lowest theoretical temperature of anything \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} 0 K = -273°C \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Internal Energy & The internal energy of a body is the sum of the randomly distributed kinetic and potential energies of all its particles \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Closed System & A system where no matter or energy is transferred in or out of the system \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Heat Transfer & Heat is {\bf{always}} transferred from a hot area/substance to a cold area/substance. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Specific Heat Capacity & The amount of energy required to heat up 1kg of the material by 1°C/1 K \{\{nl\}\} ΔQ = mcΔT \{\{nl\}\} Energy Change is equal to the product of the mass, specific heat capacity and the change in temperature. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thermal Physics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Specific Latent Heat & The specific latent heat of fusion (\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Solid) / vaporisation (\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} gas) is the quantity of thermal energy needed/will be lost to change the state of 1kg of the substance. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Q = ml}}\{\{nl\}\} where m is the mass and l the latent heat. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} When a substance changes state, there is a period where the temperature of the material is constant, as the internal energy rises, this is due to the latent heat. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 18)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Boyle's Law & At a constant temperature, pV is constant. i.e.\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{p`1`V`1` = p`2`V`2`}} \{\{nl\}\} On a p-V plot, the higher the line, the higher the temperature. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Charles' Law & At a constant pressure: V is directly proportional to its absolute temperature T\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{V`1`/T`1` = V`2`/T`2`}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Pressure Law & At a constant volume: p is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{p`1`/T`1` = p`2`/T`2` }}\{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thermal Physics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Molecular Mass & the sum of the masses of all the atoms that make up the molecule. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Relative Molecular Mass & The sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Avogadro Constant & The number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon isotope \textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{}`6`C. \{\{nl\}\} N`A` = 6.02 x10\textasciicircum{}23\textasciicircum{} mol\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Molar Mass & The mass of a material containing N`A` molecules \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ideal Gas Equations & pV = nRT \{\{nl\}\} n = number of moles \{\{nl\}\} R = molar gas constant\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} pV = NkT\{\{nl\}\}N = number of molecules\{\{nl\}\}k = Boltzmann constant \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} A way of remembering which n is which. Moles will be small, therefore small n. Number of molecules will be large so, big N. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 12)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Kinetic Theory & The pressure exerted by an ideal gas can be derived by considering the gas as individual particles. \{\{nl\}\}pV = 1/3 x Nm(C`rms`)\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \{\{nl\}\} C`rms` is the root mean square speed. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Assumptions}} \{\{nl\}\} • All molecules in the gas are identical \{\{nl\}\}• Gas contains a large number of molecules\{\{nl\}\}• The volume of the molecules is negligible when compared to the volume of the container/gas as a whole. \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thermal Physics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Brownian Motion & Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} helped provide evidence that the movement of the particles was due to the collisions of the fast randomly-moving particles, which supported the model of kinetic theory. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Average Kinetic Energy & \{\{ac\}\}1/2 x m(C`rms`)\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} = 3/2 x nRT/N \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} \{\{nl\}\}1/2 x m(C`rms`)\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} = 3/2 x RT/N`A` \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Particles and Radiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Proton \& Neutrons & The 2 Baryons that make up the nucleus of an atom. Comprised of 3 quarks. Protons have a relative charge: +1, neutrons: 0. Both have a relative mass of 1 (1.67 x10\textasciicircum{}-27\textasciicircum{} kg). \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Electron & A fundamental lepton, with a charge of -1. Cannot be broken down into other subatomic particles. Relative mass of 1/2000 (9.11x10\textasciicircum{}-31\textasciicircum{} kg) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nuclide Notation \textasciicircum{}A\textasciicircum{}`Z`X & The general notation of elements. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Proton Number (Z) & The number of protons in an atom. Defines the element. For a neutral atom, proton no. also == the electron number \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleon Number (A) & AKA Mass Number - number of total nucleons (protons + neutrons) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Specific Charge & The ratio of a particles charge to its mass. Specific meaning per kg. \{\{nl\}\} S.C. = Charge (Q) / Mass (kg) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Isotope & Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Affects the stability of a atom \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Particles and Radiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Strong Nuclear Force & A {\bf{strong}} force that holds atoms together at small distances, strong enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsion of the protons. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Distances}} \{\{nl\}\} Repulsive: \textless{}0.5 fm (0.5 x10\textasciicircum{}-15\textasciicircum{}m) \{\{nl\}\} Attractive: 0.5 to 3 fm \{\{nl\}\} Rapidly falls to ) after 3 fm. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Alpha Decay (α) & Occurs in big atoms (82+ protons). Atoms emits a helium nucleus (2 protons 2 neutrons). Particles is too big to be kept stable by the SNF. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Beta-Minus Decay (β\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{}) & Emission of a electron and anti-electron-neutrino. Happens in neutron rich particles. In nucleus structure terms, a neutron turns into a proton by changing an d quark to a u quark, emitting an electron and anti-electron-neutrino. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 10)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
Beta-Plus Decay (β\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}) & Emission of a positron and an electron neutrino. One of the atoms protons, changes a u quark to a d quark, changing to a neutron emitting a positron and an electron-neutrino. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Particles and Radiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Photon & A discrete packet of electromagnetic radiation with 0 mass. \{\{nl\}\} E = hf = hc/λ \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Antiparticle & The corresponding antiparticle to any particle has the same mass and rest energy but opposite charge. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pair Production & When 2 of the same particles collide at high speed and produce a particle-antiparticle pair. The energy of the collisions is converted into the pair. Also occurs when a photon has enough energy to produce an electron-positron pair. \{\{nl\}\} E`min` = 2E`0` (in MeV) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 11)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Annihilation & When a particle and antiparticle collide producing 2 photons in opposite directions. \{\{nl\}\} E`min` = E`0` \{\{nl\}\} This collision is used in PET scanners to detect cancers. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hadron & Particles that can {\emph{feel}} the strong force. Either a baryon or a meson depending on its quark structure \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Particles and Radiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Baryon & A hadron consisting of 3 quarks. All are unstable except a free proton - all eventually decay into a proton. \{\{nl\}\} Proton: uud \{\{nl\}\} Neutron: ddu \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Baryon Number & A quantum number which is {\bf{always}} conserved. Baryons have a B.N. of +1. Antibaryons have a B.N. of -1 and all other particles have a B.N of 0. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mesons & A hadron consisting of 2 quarks - a quark-antiquark pair. There are 9 possible combinations, making either Kaons or Pions. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
Lepton & A fundamental particle that {\bf{doesnt}} feel the strong force. Interacts via the weak interaction. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lepton Number & Another quantum number that is always conserved. Must be separate for lepton-electron number and electron-muon number. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Particles and Radiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Strange Particles & Particles that have a property of strangeness - contain a strange/anti-strange quark. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Created}} via the strong interaction \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Decay}} via the weak interaction \{\{nl\}\} Rules of conversation mean that strange particles are only produced in pairs. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
Strangeness & Another quantum number - however it can change by ±1 or 0 in an interaction. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Quark & A fundamental particle that makes up hadrons. There are 6 types:{\bf{up/down}}, top/bottom, {\bf{strange}}/charm. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
Quark Confinement & There is no where to get a quark on its own, when enough energy is provided, pair-production occurs, with one quark remaining in the particle. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Weak Interaction & β\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} and β\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} are both examples of weak interactions, which is interaction via the weak force, the force acting between leptons. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Particles and Radiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Feymann Diagram & A diagram of particle interactions, with: \{\{nl\}\} Wavy Lines : Exchange Particle \{\{nl\}\} Straight Lines : Particles in/out of the interaction (with arrows indicating direction) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Fields}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Magnetic Field & A region where a force acts, force is exerted on magnetic/magnetically susceptible materials (e.g. iron). \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Magnetic Field Lines & Lines that show a magnetic field. They run from north to the south pole of a magnet. The more dense the lines are, the stronger the field \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Magnetic Flux Density & The force on one metre of wire carrying a current of 1 A at right angles to the magnetic field. {\bf{AKA The strength of the magnetic field}} \{\{nl\}\} B = F/Il \{\{nl\}\} Magnetic flux density is the force by the current meter \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Magnetic Field around a wire & When current flows, a magnetic field is induced. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Right hand rule:}} \{\{nl\}\}• Curl Fingers around "wire". \{\{nl\}\}• Stick up thumb \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Thumb}}:Direction of current \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Fingers}}: Direction of magnetic field \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Solenoid & A cylindrical coil of wire acting as a magnet when carrying electric current. Forms a field like a bar magnet. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Force on a Current-Carrying Wire & A current-carrying wire, running through a magnetic field generates a resultant field of the one induced by the current and the pre-existing one. The direction of the force is perpendicular to the current direction and the mag. field. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 11)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Le{\bf{F}}t-hand Rule & For finding the direction of the {\bf{F}}orce. \{\{nl\}\}• Thumb upwards\{\{nl\}\}• First finger forwards\{\{nl\}\}• Second finger to the right (perpendicular to f.f.) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Thumb}}:Force/Motion\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{First Finger}}:Field\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Second Finger}}:Current \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 12)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Charged Particles in a mag. field & F = BQv \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Circular Path & For a charge travelling perpendicular to a field is always perpendicular to the direction of motion \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} The condition for circular motion. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} F = mv\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}/r can be combined with F = BQv. \{\{nl\}\} Rearranged for r, this shows that: \{\{nl\}\}• r increases if mass or velocity increases\{\{nl\}\}• r decreases if the mag. field strength is increased or the charge increases\{\{nl\}\}• f = v/2πr\{\{nl\}\}•Combined with r = mv/BQ \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} f = BQ/2πm \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 22)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Particle Accelerator & A cyclotron consists of 2 hollow semiconductors, with a uniform magnetic field applied perpendicular to the plane of the D magnets. An A.C. is applied. Charged particles are fired into the D's. They accelerate across the gap between magnets, taking the same amount of time for the increasing radius. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Magnetic Flux & The number of flux lines through a certain area hence\{\{n\}\}Φ = BA \{\{nl\}\} In other words its the amount of flux passing through an area \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Electromagnetic Induction & Relative motion between a conductor and a mag. field, causes an emf to generate at the ends of the conductor as the electrons accumulate at one end. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Flux Linkage & The amount of field lines being cut\{\{nl\}\}NΦ = BANCos(θ) \{\{nl\}\} where θ is the angle between the normal to the coil and the field. (if it is perpendicular, θ = 0° \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Faraday's Law & Induced e.m.f. is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage... \{\{nl\}\}ε = NΔΦ/Δt \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lenz's Law & The induced e.m.f. is {\bf{always}} in such a direction that it opposes the change that caused it. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
e.m.f in a rotating coil & NΦ = BANCos(ωt) \{\{nl\}\} ε = BANωSin(ωt) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} Flux Linkage and Induced e.m.f. are 90° out of phase. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Generator & E`k` is converted into electrical energy, the kinetic energy turns a coil in a magnetic field so that they induce a electric current. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{R}}ight-hand Rule & For {\bf{G}}enerators. \{\{nl\}\}• Thumb upwards\{\{nl\}\}• First finger forwards\{\{nl\}\}• Second finger to the {\bf{left}} (perpendicular to f.f.) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Thumb}}:Force/Motion\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{First Finger}}:Field\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Second Finger}}:Current \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 11)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
Alternating Current & Current that's direction changes over time. The voltage across the resistance goes up and down. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Root Mean Squared (rms) Power & V`rms` = V`0`/sqrt(2) \{\{nl\}\} I`rms` = I`0`/sqrt(2) \{\{nl\}\} P`rms` = I`rms` x V`rms` \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Transformer & A device that uses electromagnetic induction to change the size of a voltage for an alternating current. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}An alternating current flowing in the {\bf{primary coil}} causes the core to magnetise/demagnetise continuously in opposite directions. This produces a {\bf{rapidly changing magnetic flux}} in the core (made of {\bf{magnetically soft material}}. The changing flux passes through the {\bf{secondary coil}} induces a alternating e.m.f. if the same frequency but {\bf{different}} voltage (if the no. of turns is different) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 24)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
Transformer Equations & {\bf{P.Coil}}: V`p` = N`p` x ΔΦ/Δt \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{S.Coil}}: V`s` = N`s` x ΔΦ/Δt \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} Combines to: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{N`s`/N`p` = V`s`/V`p`}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Inefficiencies in a Transformer & • Eddy Currents (looping currents induced by changing flux) \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} create opposing magnetic fields reducing its strength \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} {\bf{reduced by laminating the core so that current cannot flow between the cores layers}}\{\{nl\}\}• Heat Generation \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} due to the resistance in the coils \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} {\bf{reduced by using a wire with a low resistance}}\{\{nl\}\}• \seqsplit{Magnetising/Demagnetising} the core \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} energy is wasted as the core is heated \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} {\bf{reduced by using a magnetically soft core, which has a small hysteresis loop, this the energy required to create/collapse the field is minimised}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Efficiency Equations}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{efficiency = I`s`V`s`/I`p`V`p`}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} power`out`/power`in` \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 36)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Engineering}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Moment of Inertia & A measure of how difficult it is to rotate an object or change its rotational speed\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{I = Σmr\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} }}\{\{nl\}\}This equation means that the moment of inertia is dependent in the masses, and their distribution, so a solid disk may have a lower moment of inertia than a hoop. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Rotational Kinetic Energy & The rotational kinetic energy of an object is dependant on its moment of inertia. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{  E`k` = 1/2 x Iω\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rotational SUVAT & The SUVAT equations can be applied directly to rotational motion, but with rotational's counterparts:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{s \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} θ (rads)\{\{nl\}\}u \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} ω}}`0`{\bf{\{\{nl\}\}v \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} ω\{\{nl\}\}a \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} α\{\{nl\}\}t \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} t\{\{nl\}\} }} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Engineering (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Torque & When a force causes an object to turn, the turning effect is torque. \{\{nl\}\} T = Fr \{\{nl\}\} T = Iα \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
Work \& Power & The work done is the product of the force and the angle turned by:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{W = Tθ}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Power is the amount of work done in a given time:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{P = Tω}} \{\{nl\}\}as Δθ/Δt = ω\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Frictionalk Torque occurs in real world systems therefore:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{T}}`net`{\bf{ = T}}`applied`{\bf{ - T}}`frictional` \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 16)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Flywheels & A flywheel is a heavy wheel that has a high moment of inertia, meaning once spinning it is hard to stop. They are charged as they are spun, turning T into rotational kinetic energy. It is used as a energy storage device \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} if energy is needed, the wheel decelerates and provides some of its rotational energy to another part of the machine.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Flywheels maximused for energy storage are dubbed flywheel batteries.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Factors that effect storage:}}\{\{nl\}\}• Mass \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} If the mass is increased, the moment of inertia and hence the r. E`k`\{\{nl\}\}• Angular Speed \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} if the angular speed is increasd, the energy stored increases with angular speed\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}, so increasing the a.speed, greatly increases energy storage.\{\{nl\}\}• Spoked Wheel \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} this again increases the moment of inertia as the mass is distributed further away from the center.\{\{nl\}\}• Material \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Carbon fibre is generally used as it is strong and allows for higher angular speeds\{\{nl\}\}• Friction Reduction \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} lubrication is used to reduce friction as well as superconducting magnets to stop contact and therefore friction. Vacuums are also used so air resisitance is not a factor.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Uses}}\{\{nl\}\}• Smoothing Torque \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Flywheels are used to keep systems relying on torque running smoothly\{\{nl\}\}• Breaking \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} especially in F1 cars, flywheels are used to harness some of the force when breaking to allow for faster acceleration afterwards\{\{nl\}\}• Wind Turbines \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} to provide stable power for days without wind and/or peak times \{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 105 (+ 84)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Engineering (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Angular Momentum & Angular Momentum = Iω\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{I`initial` x ω`initial` = I`final` x ω`final` \{\{nl\}\} Angular Momentum }}IS** conserved \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Angular Impulse & Impulse = Δ(Iω) = TΔt \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1st Law of Thermodynamics & {\bf{Q = ΔU + W}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}If energy is transferred {\bf{to}} the system: Q = +ve\{\{nl\}\}If work is done {\bf{on}} the gas: W = -ve\{\{nl\}\}If the internal energy {\bf{increases}}:U = +ve\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}For closed systems, the first law can be applied, also known as non-flow processes as no gas flows in or out. To apply the law, it is assumed to be an Ideal Gas. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 18)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Isothermal (Constant temperature) Change & {\bf{ΔU = 0}} \{\{nl\}\} Therefore Q = W \{\{nl\}\}There is no change in internal energy... no change in temperature therefore: \{\{nl\}\}pV = Constant.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}pV plot is a curve, with higher lines indicating a higher temperature. The work done is the area under the line. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Expansion is \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} and is positive. \{\{nl\}\}Compression is \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-left\}\} and is negative. \tn 
% Row Count 48 (+ 21)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Engineering (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Adiabatic (No heat transfer) Change & {\bf{Q = 0}} \{\{nl\}\} Therefore ΔU = -W \{\{nl\}\} pV\textasciicircum{}γ\textasciicircum{} = constant\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Steeper gradient than a isotherm's plot. There is a greater amount of work done for an adiabatic change than a isotherm \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Isobaric (Constant Pressure) Changes & W = pΔV \{\{nl\}\} Therefore V/T is constant\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}No work done. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Isometric (Constant Volume) Changes & {\bf{W = 0}} \{\{nl\}\} Therefore Q = ΔU and p/T is constant\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Work done = area under straight line \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Cyclic Process & A System that undergos a number of combinations of processes. They start at a certain pressure and volume and return to it at the end of a cycle. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4-Stroke Petrol Engine & • Induction \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} The piston starts at the top of the cylinder, and moves down increasing the volume of the gas above it. A air-fuel mixture is drawn in through an open inlet valve. Pressure remains constant just above atmospheric.\{\{nl\}\}• Compression \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} The inlet valve is closed, the piston moves up the cylinder. Work is done on the gas, and the pressure increases. Just before the end of the stoke, a spark ignites the air-fuel mixture. Temperature and pressure increase.\{\{nl\}\}• Expansion \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} The explosion expands and pushes the piston back down. Work is done as the gas expands, there is also a net output. Just before the bottom, the exhaust valve opens and the pressure reduces.\{\{nl\}\}• Exhaust \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} The piston moves up the cylinder and the burnt gas leaves through the exhaust valve, the pressure remains constant just above atmospheric. \tn 
% Row Count 74 (+ 46)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Engineering (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4-Stroke Diesel Engine & Induction Stroke \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Only air is drawn.\{\{nl\}\}Compression \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} The air is compressed enough to have a temperature to ignite diesel fuel \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} just before the end of the stroke, diesel fuel is sprayed in and ignites.\{\{nl\}\}Expansion \& Exhaust  \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}  The same as petrol\{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 17)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Indicated Power & {\bf{P}}`indicated` = Area of p-V loop x cycles per second x no. of cylinders \{\{nl\}\} The net work done by the cylinder in one second. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Output Power & The useful power at the crankshaft \{\{nl\}\} P = Tω \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
Friction Power & The power lost due to friction {\bf{between moving parts}} \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{P}}`friction` = P`ind` - P`brake` \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Engineering (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Engine Efficiency & P`inp` = Calorific Value x Fuel Flow Rate  {\bf{Mechanical Efficiency = P`brake`/P`ind` }} Affected by energy lost due to moving parts  {\bf{Thermal Efficiency = P`ind`/P`inp`}} Heat energy transferred into work  {\bf{Overall Efficiency = P`brake`/P`inp`}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
2nd Law of Thermodynamics & Heat engines must operate between a {\bf{heat source}} and a {\bf{heat sink}}    Engine Efficiency = W/Q`H` = (Q`H` - Q`C`)/Q`H`  Max Theoretical Efficiency = (T`H` - T`C`)/T`H` \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Heat Engine & \{\{ac\}\}A Source of heat (T`H`)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-down\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Q`H`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-down\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Heat Engine \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} W\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-down\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Q`C`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-down\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Heat Sink (T`C`)\{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Engineering (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Reverse Heat Engine & \{\{ac\}\}Hot (T`H`)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Q`H`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Heat Engine \{\{fa-arrow-left\}\} W\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Q`C`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Cold (T`C`)\{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
Refridgerator & A reverse heat engine where the cold space is the actual fridge. Whilst the hot space is the surroundings, the fridges aim is to extract as much heat from the cold space to the surroundings. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Coefficient of Preformance & COP`ref` = Q`c`/W = Q`c`/(Q`h`-Q`c`) = T`c`/(T`h`-T`c`)\{\{nl\}\}COP`hp` = Q`h`/W = Q`h`/(Q`h`-Q`c`) = T`h`/(T`h`-T`c`) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Current (I/A) & The rate of flow of charge. Conventionally running from + to -. Measured my an Ammeter (in series) \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{I = ΔQ/Δt}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Potential Difference (V/V) & The work done in moving a unit charge between 2 points. 1 V = 1JC\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{}. Measured by a voltmeter (in parallel) \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{V = IR}} / {\bf{V = W/Q}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Resistance (R/Ω) & A measure of how difficult it is to move current around the circuit. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{R = V/I}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Ohmic Conductor & Under constant physical conditions, I is proportional to V. On a graph of I (y) against V (x), the gradient is equal to 1/R. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Filament Lamp & A filament lamp has an IV characteristic of a cubic (s shape) going through the origin. The heat in the filament causes the resistance to increase - the particles in the filament vibrate more, meaning its harder for the current-carrying electrons to move through it, therefore resistance increases as the current increases. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Diode & A diode only allows current to flow in one direction. The IV characteristic is virtually no current until the threshold voltage, where the voltage increases exponentially. The threshold voltage is approx. 0.6V \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
Resistivity & How difficult it is for current to flow through a material. Depends on:\{\{nl\}\}• Length of the wire \{\{nl\}\}• Cross-sectional area \{\{nl\}\}• Resistance. \{\{nl\}\} ρ = RA/L \{\{nl\}\} Unit: Ωm \{\{nl\}\} The lower the resistivity, the better it is at conducting electricity.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} For Reference: Copper: 1.68x10\textasciicircum{}-8\textasciicircum{} Ωm \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 14)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Semiconductor & A group of materials that arent as good as conducting as metals, however, if more energy is supplied, the resistance lowers \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} more charge carriers are released. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Superconductor & A metal that can be cooled, and the resistivity is reduced. There is no resistivity below the critical. \{\{nl\}\} The main uses are for strong electromagnets, power cables with no energy loss and fast electronic circuits with minimal energy loss. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Power (P/W) & The rate of transfer of energy. \{\{nl\}\} 1W = 1JS\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{P= E/t = IV = V\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}/R = I\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}R}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Energy (E/J) & {\bf{E = ItV = V\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}t/R = I\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}Rt}} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} kWh \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} J \{\{nl\}\} kWh x 3.6x10\textasciicircum{}6\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) & The amount of electrical energy the battery provides and transfers to each coulomb of charge. \{\{nl\}\} ε = E/Q \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Internal Resistance & The resistance inside cells. \{\{nl\}\} ε = I(R + r) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Kirchhoff's First Law & The total current entering a junction is equal to the total current leaving it, i.e. current is split when it reaches a junction \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Kirchhoff's Second Law & The total emf of a series circuit, equals the sum of the pd across each component, i.e. pd is split between components in series but not parallel. \{\{nl\}\} ε = ΣIR \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Resistance across Circuits & Series: R`T` = R`1` + R `2` + R`3` + ... \{\{nl\}\} Parallel: 1/R`T` =  1/R`1` + 1/R `2` + 1/R`3` + ... \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Potential Divider & A circuit with a voltage source and resistors in series. The voltage of one of the resisitors can vary and therefore be used to detect certain changes when thermistors and LDRs are used. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gravitational Fields}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Force Field & A region in which a body experiences a non-contact force. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Newtons Law of Gravitation & The force a body experiences due to gravity is dependant on its weight, the weight of the object exerting the force and the distance between them \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} An inverse square law. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{ F = GmM/r\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}}} \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{NB}} The result of this is the magnitude of the force, the direction is {\bf{always}} towards the centre of the mass causing the gravitational force. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 18)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gravitational Field Strength & The force per unit mass, depending on the location of the body in a field. \{\{nl\}\} g = F/m \{\{nl\}\} Also a vector quantity, directed towards the centre of the mass causing the force. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{g = -ΔV/Δr}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gravitational Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Earth's g & ≈ 9.81 Nkg\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
Radial Field & Point masses have a radial gravitational field (such as planets): \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{g = GM/r\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gravitational Potential & The gravitational potential energy that a unit mass would have. It is negative on the surface of a mass and increases with the distance from the mass. It can also be considered as the energy required to fully escape the body's gravitational pull \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{ V = -GM/r}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 13)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
Gravitational Potential Difference & The energy required to move a unit mass. When an object is moved, work is done against gravity \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} {\bf{ΔW = mΔV}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Equipotentials & Lines/Planes that join points of equal gravitational potential \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} similar to contour lines on maps. \{\{nl\}\} Along these lines both ΔV and ΔW are zero, the objects energy isn't changing. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gravitational Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Satellite & Are smaller objects orbiting a larger object, they are kept in orbit by the force due to the larger body's gravitational field. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} In terms of planets \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Orbits are ≈ circular, therefore circular motion equations apply. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Orbital Period Proportionality & {\bf{T\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} ∝ r\textasciicircum{}3\textasciicircum{}}}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{PROOF}}\{\{nl\}\}• Combine F=mv\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}/r and F = GmM/r\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Solve for v \{\{nl\}\}• T = 2πr/v \{\{fa-arrow-left\}\} Sub in v \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Escape Velocity & The minimum speed an powered object needs to leave the gravitational field of a planet \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Synchronous Orbit & When an orbiting object has an orbital period equal to the rotational period of the object its orbiting \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gravitational Fields (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Geostationary Orbit & An satellite in orbit of a body that remains in the same place \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} it has the same time period. It would have to be over the equator to be a true geostationary orbit \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Low Orbiting Satellite & Satellites that orbit between 180 and 2000 km above Earth. They are designed for communication and as they are low-orbit, they're cheaper to launch and require less powerful transmitters. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EM Radiation and Quantum}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Photoelectric Effect & The emission of electrons from the surface of a metal in response to an incidence light, where the frequency of the incidence light is above that of the metals threshold frequency. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Threshold Frequency & The lowest frequency of light that can cause electrons to be emitted from the surface of a metal. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Work Function & The minimum quantity of energy which is required to remove an electron to infinity from the surface of a given solid, usually a metal. \{\{nl\}\} Φ = hf`0` \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Maximum Kinetic Energy & The energy a photon is carrying minus any other energy loses. These energy loses explain the range of kinetic energies of the photons. The max is equal to hf, with no energy loss. \{\{nl\}\} hf = Φ + 1/2(m)(v`max`)\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stopping Potential & The  potential difference required to stop the fastest moving electrons travelling at E`k(max)` \{\{nl\}\} eV`s` = E`k(max)` \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EM Radiation and Quantum (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Electron Volt & The kinetic energy carried by an electron after it has been accelerated from rest to a pd of 1 V. \{\{nl\}\} 1eV = 1.6 x10\textasciicircum{}-19\textasciicircum{} J \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
Ground State & The lowest energy level of an atom/electron inside an atom. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Excitation & The movement of an electron to a higher level in an atom, requiring energy. \{\{nl\}\} ΔE = E`1` - E`2` = hf \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
De-Excitation & An electron moving towards ground state releasing energy equal to the difference between the states in the form of a photon. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fluorescent Tubes & The tubes contain mercury vapour, when a high voltage is passed across, producing free electrons, which collide with the mercury electrons exciting them. When they return to the ground state, they release a photon in the UV range. These then collide with the tubes phosphorus coating exciting it's electrons, and then when they return to the ground state they release photons in the visible light range \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EM Radiation and Quantum (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Line-Emission Spectra & A series of bright lines against a black background, with each line corresponding to a wavelength of light. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Line-Absorption} Spectra & When light with a continuous spectrum of energy (white light) pass through a cool gas. Most of the electrons will stay in their ground states but some will be absorbed and excite them to higher states, these photons are then missing from the spectrum causing black lines on the continuous spectrum. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 12)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Diffraction & When a beam of light passes through a narrow gap and spreads out. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Wave-Particle Duality & An entity behaving with both particle and wave-like behaviour. Light has a relationship between wavelength and momentum: DeBroglie's Wavelength: \{\{nl\}\} λ = h/mv \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Electron Diffraction & When electrons are accelerated and sent through a graphite crystal, they pass through the spaces between the atoms producing a diffraction pattern \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Reflection & When a wave is bounced back when hitting a boundary \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Refraction & When a wave changes direction as it enters a different boundary medium. The change in direction is as a result of the wave changing speed in the new medium \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Diffraction & When a wave spreads out as it passes through a gap or around a obstacle. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Displacement (x/m) & The distance a wave has moved from its undisturbed position/its starting point. It is a vector quantity \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Amplitude (A/m) & The maximum magnitude of displacement. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Wavelength (λ/m) & The length of one whole oscillation of the wave. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Period (T/s) & The time taken for a whole wave cycle. \{\{nl\}\} T = 1/f \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Frequency (f/Hz) & The number of whole waves per second, passing a given point.\{\{nl\}\} f = 1/T \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phase & A measurement of the position if a certain point along the wave cycle \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phase Difference & The amount by which one wave differs from another \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
Wave Speed & c = fλ \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Transverse Wave & The displacement of the particles/field is at a right angle to the direction of energy transfer. e.g. a spring shaking up and down as displacement \{\{fa-arrows-v\}\} and energy transfer is \{\{fa-long-arrow-right\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Longitudinal Wave & The displacement of the particles/fields is along the line of energy transfer \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Polarisation & A wave passing through a filter resulting in a polarised wave that oscillates in one direction only. 2 polarising filters at right angles blocks all light as it blocks both directions. Polarising filters are common sunglasses \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 10)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Glare Reduction & Polarising filters reduces the amount of reflected light therefore reducing the intensity of the light on your eyes \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TV Signals & TV signals are polarised by the rod orientation on the transmitting aerial. If the rods are lined up, you receive a good signal. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Superpostion & When 2 waves pass through each, at the instance where the wave cross, the displacement is combined, then each wave continues. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Constructive Interference & When 2 waves meet and their displacements are in the same direction, the displacements combine to give a bigger one. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
Destructive Interference & When 2 waves meet and their displacement is in opposite directions, they cancel out 'destroying' the displacement. The displacement of the combined wave is the sum of the individual displacements. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Exactly Out of Phase & When 2 points on a wave are a odd multiple of 180°/Ⲡ apart. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
In phase & When the phase difference of 2 points is 0 or a multiple of 360°/2Ⲡ. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stationary Wave & The superposition of 2 progressive waves with the same frequency/wavelength and amplitude moving in {\bf{opposite}} directions \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
Node & A point on a stationary wave where no movement occurs - zero amplitude. There is total destructive interference. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Antinode & Points on a stationary wave with maximum amplitude - constructive interference \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
Resonant Frequency & When the stationary wave produced has an exact number of half-wavelengths \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
First Harmonic & When the stationary wave is at its lowest possible frequency -  a single loop with one antinode and a node at each end. To find the freq of the nth harmonic, multiply the 1st harmonics freq. by n. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{f = 1/2l x sqrt(T/μ)}} \{\{nl\}\}where μ is the mass per unit length, T is the tension in the string and l is the length of the vibrating string. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Second Harmonic & Twice the frequency of the 1st harmonic. With 2 loops, 2 antinodes and 3 nodes (one in the center) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
Amount of Diffraction & When a wave is passed through a narrow gap. \{\{nl\}\} Gap \textgreater{} Wavelength \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} No diffraction \{\{nl\}\} Gap = n x Wavelength \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Minimal Diffraction \{\{nl\}\} Gap = Wavelength \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Maximum Diffraction \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 10)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Monochromatic Light & Light of a signal wavelength/frequency and therefore a single colour. Best for producing clear diffraction patterns. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
White Light Diffraction & When white light is diffracted, the different wavelengths of light diffract by different amounts. The result is a diffraction pattern of spectra instead of single coloured fringes \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Two-Souce Interference & When waves from 2 sources interfere to produce a pattern. In order to get a clear pattern, the sources must be monochromatic and coherant \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Coherancy & If the waves produce have the same wavelength/frequency {\bf{and}} have a fixed phase difference. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
Double-Slit Formula & Young's double-slit formula relate a waves fringe spacing (w/m), its wavelength(λ/m), the slit separation(s/m) and the distance from the screen(D/m) into a single formula \{\{nl\}\} w = λD/s \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Diffraction Grating & Lots of equally spaced slits very close together, produces a sharp interference pattern, therefore allowing more accurate measurements. The formula relates the distance between slits (d/m), the angle to the normal (θ/°), the wavelength (λ/m) and the order of maximum(n) \{\{nl\}\} dSin(θ) = nλ \{\{nl\}\} The order of maximum is the number of bright spots away from the central spot (which has order 0) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 17)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
Refractive Index & A measure of how optically dense a material is - the more optically dense, the higher refractive index. \{\{nl\}\} n = c/c`s` \{\{nl\}\} where c is the speed of light and c`s` is the speed of light in the material. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Common Refractive Indexes}}\{\{nl\}\} Vacuum = 1 \{\{nl\}\} Glass ≈ 1.5 \{\{nl\}\} Water ≈ 1.33 \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} At a boundary: `1`n`2` = c`1`/c`2` = n`2` / n`1` \{\{nl\}\} The relative refractive index from material 1 to material 2. Note when using the refractive indexes of the materials its 2/1 rather than 1/2 with the speeds. \tn 
% Row Count 52 (+ 23)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Snells Law & n`1`Sin(θ`1`) = n`2`Sin(θ`2`) \{\{nl\}\} When a ray of light travels from one refractive medium to another. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
Critical Angle & The angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction = 90° i.e. Sin(θ`crit`) = n`2`/n`1` where n`1`\textgreater{}n`2` \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Total Internal Reflection & When all light is completely reflected back into a medium at a boundary with another medium instead of being refracted. Occurs when θ`i` \textgreater{} θ`crit` \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
Optical Fibre & A very thin flexible tube of glass/plastic fibre in which light signals are carried across long distances and around corners by applying TIR. The fibres are surrounded by a cladding with a high refractive index and a core of a lower refractive index. The light is refracted where the mediums meet and travels along the fibre. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Signal Absorbtion & When some of the signals energy is absorbed by the material of the fibre. The final amplitude is reduced. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
Signal Dispersion & When the final pulse is broader than expected, which can cause information loss as it may overlap with another signal. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Modal Dispersion & Light entering at different angles and taking different paths, resulting in signals arriving in the wrong order \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Single-mode fibre is used to prevent this - light is only allowed to folllow a very narrow path. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
Material Dispersion & Different amounts of dispersion depending on wavelength. \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Monochromatic light prevents this. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rutherford Scattering & An experiment that proved the current model of the atom \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} that it is mostly empty space.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Rutherford set up an experiment, with an alpha emitter pointed at gold foil. He observed the deflection of the particles and it showed that atoms have a concentrated mass at the centre and are mostly empty space, which disproved the plum-pudding model which was accepted previously.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}It showed that: \{\{nl\}\}• Atoms = mostly empty space\{\{nl\}\}• Nucleus has a large positive charge, as some of the +ve charged alpha particles are repelled and deflected\{\{nl\}\}• Nucleus must be tiny due to few particles being deflected by an angle \textgreater{} 90°\{\{nl\}\}• Mass must be concentrated in the nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 32)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Distance of Closest Approach & E`k` = E`elec` = \seqsplit{Q`nucleus`q`alpha`/4πε`0`r} \{\{nl\}\} where r is the distance of closest approach \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Electron Diffraction & λ≈hc/E where the first minimum occurs at: \{\{nl\}\}sinθ ≈ 1.22λ/2R \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Nuclear Radius & R = R`0`A\textasciicircum{}1/3\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Alpha Decay (α) & Charge(rel): +2\{\{nl\}\}Mass(u): 4\{\{nl\}\}Penetration: low\{\{nl\}\}Ionising: high\{\{nl\}\}Speed: slow\{\{nl\}\}Affected by mag. field: y\{\{nl\}\}Stopped by: paper/\textasciitilde{}10cm air\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Used for: Smoke alarms \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} if the particles cant reach the detector, the smoke must be stopping them \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 13)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Beta Decay(β\textasciicircum{}±) & Charge(rel): ±1\{\{nl\}\}Mass(u): n/a\{\{nl\}\}Penetration: mid\{\{nl\}\}Ionising: weak\{\{nl\}\}Speed: fast\{\{nl\}\}Affected by mag. field: y\{\{nl\}\}Stopped by: \textasciitilde{}3mm of aluminium\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Used for: PET Scanners, In production of metals \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} the levels penetrating through the metal can be used to control the thickness. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gamma Decay(γ) & Charge(rel): 0\{\{nl\}\}Mass(u): 0\{\{nl\}\}Penetration: low\{\{nl\}\}Ionising: very weak\{\{nl\}\}Speed: c (speed of light)\{\{nl\}\}Affected by mag. field: n\{\{nl\}\}Stopped by: several cm of lead. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Used for: PET Scanners \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} produced through annihilation, cancer treatment. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Background Radiation & The low level of radiation that always exists. Must be taken into account when measuring radiation. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sources of Background Rad. & • The Air \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Radioactive radon gas released from rocks\{\{nl\}\}• Ground/Buildings \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Nearly all rock contains radioactive materials\{\{nl\}\}• Cosmic Radiation \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} nuclear radiation from particle collisions due to cosmic rays\{\{nl\}\}• Living things \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} living things are made of carbon, some of which is radioactive carbon-14\{\{nl\}\}• Man-Made \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Radiation from industrial/medical sources \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 21)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Intensity & I = k/x\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \{\{nl\}\} Intensity (Wm\textasciicircum{}-2\textasciicircum{}) = constant of proportionality (W)/distance from source (m) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
Radioactive Decay & It both spontaneous and random. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Spontaneous}}: Decay is not affected by external factors\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Random}}: It cannot be predicted when the next decay occurs \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Decay Constant & The probability of a specific nucleus decaying per unit time. It is a measure of how quickly a isotope will decay. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Activity (Bq) & The number of nuclei that will decay each second.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}A = λN \{\{nl\}\}where λ is the decay constant, and N is the number of unstable nuclei in the sample\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}It can also be written as:\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}ΔN/Δt = -λN \{\{nl\}\}(ΔN is always a decreasing number hence the neg sign)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}A = A`0`e\textasciicircum{}-λt\textasciicircum{} \{\{nl\}\}A`0` is the activity at t=0 \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Number of unstable Nuclei (N) & N = N`0`e\textasciicircum{}-λt\textasciicircum{} \{\{nl\}\}where N`0` is the original number of the unstable nuclei\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}N = nN`A`\{\{nl\}\}where n is the number of moles and N`A` is Avogadro's constant \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Half-Life (T`1/2`) & The average time the isotope takes for the number of nuclei to halve.\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{T`1/2` = ln2/λ }}\{\{nl\}\}(Derived from N = N`0`e\textasciicircum{}-λt\textasciicircum{}) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Uses of Radiation & • Carbon Dating \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Using the amount of C-14 left in the organic material. Problems are that the material may have been contaminated, high background count, uncertainty in c-14 in the past and sample size may be too small\{\{nl\}\}• Medical Diagnosis \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Tracers that emit radiation to track things in the body \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 15)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Instability & Nuclei are unstable when:\{\{nl\}\}• Too many/not enough neutrons\{\{nl\}\}• Too many nucleons\{\{nl\}\}• Too much energy \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}If they nuclei lies on the N=Z line they are generally stable. If they lie above, they undergo  β\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} decay, if they lie below, the undergo β\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} decay. If they have a Z number of over \textasciitilde{}82 (Protons) they undergo α decay. \tn 
% Row Count 45 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mass Defect & The mass of a nucleus is less than the mass of its constituents. This energy difference is the mass defect and is lost to energy as {\bf{E = mc\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}}}, energy and mass are equivalent. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
Binding Energy & If you were to pull a nucleus apart, this binding energy would be the energy required to do so, equal to the energy released when the nucleus formed. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Average Binding Energy & Average Binding energy per nucleon = Binding Energy/Nucleon number \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
Nuclear Fission & When large {\bf{unstable}} nuclei randomly split into smaller more stable nuclei. Energy is released as the smaller nuclei have a higher avg. binding energy {\bf{per nucleon}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nuclear Fusion & When 2 smaller nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei. {\bf{A lot}} of energy is released because the new heavier nucleus has a higher avg. binding energy (if the 2 original nuclei are light enough). This is the energy that keeps stars burning \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nuclear Fission Reactors & • {\bf{Control Rods}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Usually made of carbon, they are lowered and raised to control the rate of fission. The amount of fuel required to produce one fission per fission is the critical mass. Any less (sub-critical) then the reaction will eventually fizzle out. Any more, and the reactor could go into meltdown, which is why control rods are used.\{\{nl\}\}• {\bf{Moderator}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Fuel rods are placed in the moderator, this slows down/absorbs neutrons to control the rate. The choice of moderator needs to slow down the neutrons enough to slow down neutrons enough to keep the rate of fission steady. It slows down neutrons through elastic collisions, a moderator with a similar nucleon-mass to the neutrons. \{\{nl\}\}• {\bf{Coolant}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} is sent around the reactor to remove heat produced by the fissio. The material is either liquid or gas at room temp. Often it is the same water (heavy-water) as the moderator and can be used to make steam and turn turbines. \{\{nl\}\}• {\bf{Shielding}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Reactors are surrounded by thick concrete, which shields and protects from radiation escaping and anyone working there.\{\{nl\}\}• {\bf{Emergency Shut-down}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} All reactors have an emergency shutdown where the control rods are completely lowered into the reactor, thus absorbing all the neutrons produced and slowing the reaction down as quickly as possible. \{\{nl\}\}• {\bf{Waste}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Unused uranium only produces α so can be easily contained. Spent uranium however emit β \& γ radiation. Once removed from the reactor they are cooled and ten stored in sealed containers until the activity is at a low enough level. \tn 
% Row Count 74 (+ 74)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Further Mechanics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Radian & Objects in circular motion travel through angles, mostly measured in radians. \{\{nl\}\} Rads to Deg:\{\{nl\}\} Angle in deg x π/180 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Angular Speed & The angle an object rotates through per second. \{\{nl\}\} ω = θ/t = v/r = 2π/T = 2πf \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Frequency & The number of revolutions per second. \{\{nl\}\} f = 1/T \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Time Period & The time taken for a complete revolution. \{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Centripetal Acceleration & Objects travelling in a circle are accelerating as their velocity is changing constantly. The acceleration is {\bf{always}} acting towards the centre of the circle. \{\{nl\}\} a = v\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}/r = ω\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}r \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Centripetal Force & Is the resolved force which is always directed towards the centre of the circle. \{\{nl\}\} F = mv\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}/r = mω\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}r \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Simple Harmonic Motion & An object undergoing SHM is oscillating to and fro, either side of an equilibrium position. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}It is defined as {\bf{An oscillation in which the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to its displacement, which is {\emph{always}} directed towards the equilibrium position}} \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Further Mechanics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Displacement (x) & Displacement varies as a cosine/sine wave with a maximum value of A (Amplitude)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{x = Acos(ωt)}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Velocity (v) & Is the gradient of the displacement  time graph. Its maximum value is {\bf{ωA}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{v = ±ω x sqrt(A\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}    x\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{})}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{v`max` = ωA}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Acceleration (a) & Is the gradient of the velocity  time graph. Its maximum value is {\bf{ω\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}A}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a =   ω\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}x}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
Mass-Spring System & A mass on a spring is a {\bf{simple harmonic oscillator}}. When the mass is pulled/pushed from the equilibrium position, there is a force directed back towards the equilibrium position. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}F = kΔL where k is the spring constant and ΔL is the displacement. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}The Time period for a M-S System is given by:\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}T = 2π x sqrt(m/k) \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Further Mechanics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pendulum & A pendulum is an example of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator. The time period for a pendulum is given by:\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}T = 2π x sqrt(l/g) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Free Vibration & Free vibrations involve no transfer of energy to/from the surroundings. If a mass-spring system is stretched, it will oscillate at its natural frequency f`n`. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Forced Vibration & Forced Vibration occurs when there is an external driving force. A system can be forced to vibrate by a periodic external force. This is called the driving frequency, f`d`.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}f`d` \textless{}\textless{} f`n` \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Both are in phase\{\{nl\}\}f`d` \textgreater{}\textgreater{} f`n` \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} The oscillator will {\bf{not}} be able to keep up and will end up out of control. i.e. completely out of phase. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 16)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Resonance & As  f`d` → f`n`, the system gains more and more energy from the driving force, thus the amplitude rapidly increases. The system is now considered to be resonating. At resonance, the phase difference between the driver and the oscillator is 90°. \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Further Mechanics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Damping & Any oscillating system loses energy to its surroundings \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} damping. System are also deliberately damped to stop them oscillating or minimise resonance.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Light Damping}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Take a long time for oscillation to stop, the amplitude is decreased slowly. Displacement-Time Graph: sharp peak.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Heavy Damping}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} The amplitude decreases rapidly, and oscillation takes much less time to stop.Displacement-Time Graph: flat peak.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Critical Damping}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Oscillation is stopped in the shortest amount of time possible.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Over Damping}} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Systems with even heavier damping, they take longer to reach equilibrium than a critically damped system. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 31)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}